Table 2.

Brain and nervous-system complications following Elapidae envenoming.

Complications	Snake Species	Sex/Age	Bite Mark	Other Symptoms	Presuming Venom Components	Outcome	Antivenom/Amount	Ref.
Respiratory paralysis, ptosis	Bungarus candidus (Malaya Krait)	M/35	Hand	Tachycardia, prolonged micturition	Neurotoxin, PLA2	Permanent mydriasis	IV Antivenom/6 vials	[26]
Respiratory paralysis, ptosis		M/41	Hand	Tachycardia		Permanent mydriasis	IV Antivenom/3 vials
Prolonged cerebral anoxia		F/12	Hand	Periodic convulsions		Permanent brain damage	Unclear
Hyponatremia and cerebral edema	Bungarus multicinctus (Many-banded Krait)	F/17	Foot	Seizure	Neurotoxin	Dead	N/A	[27]
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy	Bungarus caeruleus (Indian Krait)	M/15	Foot	Paraplegia	Neurotoxin	Loss of vision	IV Antivenom/1 vial	[28]
PRES	Bungarus caeruleus (Indian Krait)	M/10	Ear	Hypertension	Neurotoxin	Recovered with vision blurring	IV Antivenom/10 vials	[29]
EMNS	Bungarus caeruleus (Indian Krait, prediction)	M/38	N/K	Difficulty in swallowing and double vision	Neurotoxin	Recovered	IV Antivenom/9 vials	[30]
EMNS		F/27	N/K	Mydriasis		Recovered	IV Antivenom/Unclear
Temporary brain death	Naja haje arabica (Arabian cobra)	F/57	Hand	Breathing ceased	Neurotoxin	Recovered	IV Antivenom/50 vials	[31]

EMNS: Early-morning neuroparalytic syndrome; N/A: Not Applied; N/K: Not known; PLA₂: Phospholipase A2; PRES: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.