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. 2022 Jul 20;11(14):1881. doi: 10.3390/plants11141881

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Violin plot of the 29 tested traits in 39 maize genotypes seedlings under 22 °C normal (CK) and 10 °C low temperature (LT) treatments, respectively. The traits included seedling length (SL), root length (RL), root number (RN), seedling fresh weight (SFW), root fresh weight (RFW), plant biomass (PB), root–shoot ratio (RSR), chlorophyll a content (Chl a), chlorophyll b content (Chl b), chlorophyll a+b content (Chl a+b), chlorophyll a:b ratio (Chl a/b), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE), ribulose 1,5–biphosphate carboxylase activity (Rubisco), malondialdehyde content (MDA), membrane stability index (MSI), O₂^•− production rate (O₂^•−), H₂O₂ content (H₂O₂), superoxide dismutase activity (SOD), peroxidase activity (POD), catalase activity (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase activity (APX), proline content (Pro), putrescine concentration (Put), spermidine concentration (Spd), and spermine concentration (Spm), respectively.