Figure 4.

Inhibition of formation of S. aureus biofilm. (A) Total biofilm quantification determination of the NPs using crystal violet assay. (B) SEM observation of established biofilm with and without incubation with empty and FSL NPs at the same concentration (1.56 × 10⁸ NPs mL⁻¹). (C) LIVE/DEAD BacLight kit microscopic visualization of treated and non-treated S. aureus biofilm with developed NPs at the same concentration (1.56 × 10⁸ NPs mL⁻¹). The green and red fluorescence images are overlaid. The dead bacteria are stained in red and live bacteria are stained in green. Stars represent the statistical differences between the biofilm inhibition activities of FSL NPs at MBIC and empty NPs (p < 0.0001).