TABLE 4.
Risk of motor neurone disease with physical activities in a population‐based case–control study, New Zealand, 2013–2016
| Exposure | All cases/controls (321/605) N % | OR | 95% CI | OR1 | 95% CI | Male cases/controls (203/332) N % | OR | 95% CI | OR1 | 95% CI | Female cases/controls (118/273) N % | OR | 95% CI | OR1 | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Playing sports | |||||||||||||||
| Never | 17/58 (5/10) | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 11/28 (5/8) | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 6/30 (5/11) | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Ever | 304/547 (95/90) | 1.84 | 1.04, 3.28 | 1.74 | 0.98, 3.11 | 192/304 (95/92) | 1.71 | 0.80, 3.68 | 1.63 | 0.76, 3.51 | 112/243 (95/89) | 2.48 | 0.98, 6.28 | 2.38 | 0.93, 6.09 |
| Playing sports at different age | |||||||||||||||
| Never | 17/58 (5/10) | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 11/28 (5/8) | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference | 6/30 (5/11) | 1 | Reference | 1 | Reference |
| Childhood only | 53/109 (17/18) | 1.56 | 0.81, 2.99 | 1.49 | 0.77, 2.86 | 29/51 (14/15) | 1.39 | 0.57, 3.35 | 1.33 | 0.55, 3.21 | 24/58 (20/21) | 2.20 | 0.78, 6.20 | 2.15 | 0.76, 6.11 |
| Adulthood only | 11/20 (3/3) | 1.91 | 0.75, 4.91 | 1.79 | 0.69, 4.63 | 5/9 (2/3) | 1.78 | 0.45, 7.00 | 1.64 | 0.41, 6.51 | 6/11 (5/4) | 3.54 | 0.88, 14.2 | 3.42 | 0.84, 14.0 |
| Childhood and adulthood | 240/418 (75/69) | 1.92 | 1.07, 3.43* | 1.81 | 1.01, 3.25* | 158/244 (78/73) | 1.79 | 0.83, 3.87 | 1.70 | 0.79, 3.69 | 82/174 (69/64) | 2.52 | 0.99, 6.44 | 2.40 | 0.93, 6.21 |
| Type of sports a | |||||||||||||||
| Rugby | 140/204 (41/34) | 1.35 | 0.93, 1.95 | 1.26 | 0.86, 1.83 | 137/201 (67/61) | 1.29 | 0.88, 1.90 | 1.23 | 0.83, 1.83 | 3/3 (3/1) | 1.92 | 0.36, 10.2 | 1.67 | 0.30, 9.13 |
| Football (Soccer) | 66/82 (21/14) | 1.43 | 0.97, 2.10 | 1.40 | 0.95, 2.06 | 57/73 (28/22) | 1.35 | 0.88, 2.07 | 1.33 | 0.87, 2.04 | 9/9 (8/3) | 2.43 | 0.87, 6.79 | 2.25 | 0.79, 6.38 |
| Cricket | 52/103 (16/17) | 0.88 | 0.60, 1.30 | 0.83 | 0.56, 1.23 | 46/88 (23/27) | 0.88 | 0.58, 1.36 | 0.85 | 0.55, 1.31 | 6/15 (5/5) | 0.81 | 0.29, 2.26 | 0.72 | 0.25, 2.03 |
| Basketball/Netball | 80/176 (25/29) | 0.96 | 0.66, 1.40 | 0.98 | 0.67, 1.43 | 15/22 (7/7) | 1.02 | 0.49, 2.11 | 1.03 | 0.49, 2.16 | 65/154 (55/56) | 0.90 | 0.57, 1.44 | 0.93 | 0.58, 1.49 |
| Cycling | 27/37 (8/6) | 1.38 | 0.81, 2.36 | 1.32 | 0.77, 2.25 | 18/22 (9/7) | 1.38 | 0.69, 2.74 | 1.33 | 0.67, 2.66 | 9/15 (8/5) | 1.20 | 0.48, 3.00 | 1.10 | 0.44, 2.76 |
| Running | 38/49 (12/8) | 1.45 | 0.91, 2.33 | 1.48 | 0.92, 2.38 | 28/31 (14/9) | 1.52 | 0.85, 2.71 | 1.57 | 0.87, 2.83 | 10/18 (8/7) | 1.25 | 0.52, 3.01 | 1.14 | 0.46, 2.83 |
| Athletetics | 31/46 (10/8) | 1.12 | 0.68, 1.83 | 1.08 | 0.66, 1.78 | 19/28 (9/8) | 0.93 | 0.49, 1.76 | 0.87 | 0.46, 1.67 | 12/18 (10/7) | 1.43 | 0.62, 3.29 | 1.56 | 0.67, 3.63 |
| Tennis | 92/193 (29/32) | 0.96 | 0.70, 1.32 | 0.94 | 0.69, 1.30 | 56/94 (28/28) | 0.97 | 0.63, 1.47 | 0.92 | 0.60, 1.42 | 36/99 (31/36) | 0.91 | 0.55, 1.51 | 0.95 | 0.57, 1.59 |
| Swimming | 41/73 (13/12) | 1.09 | 0.71, 1.67 | 1.05 | 0.68, 1.62 | 21/29 (10/9) | 1.03 | 0.55, 1.92 | 1.00 | 0.53, 1.88 | 20/44 (17/16) | 1.11 | 0.60, 2.05 | 1.06 | 0.57, 1.98 |
| Hockey | 47/96 (15/16) | 1.03 | 0.69, 1.54 | 1.03 | 0.68, 1.54 | 19/28 (9/8) | 1.23 | 0.64, 2.36 | 1.24 | 0.65, 2.39 | 28/68 (24/25) | 0.90 | 0.53, 1.52 | 0.88 | 0.51, 1.50 |
| Volleyball | 7/15 (2/2) | 0.71 | 0.27, 1.84 | 0.62 | 0.24, 1.62 | 4/4 (2/1) | 1.22 | 0.27, 5.40 | 1.11 | 0.25, 4.90 | 3/11 (3/4) | 0.36 | 0.08, 1.64 | 0.30 | 0.07, 1.35 |
| Badminton | 24/50 (7/8) | 1.03 | 0.61, 1.74 | 1.02 | 0.60, 1.74 | 11/17 (5/5) | 1.23 | 0.54, 2.82 | 1.19 | 0.52, 2.75 | 13/33 (11/12) | 0.91 | 0.45, 1.87 | 0.94 | 0.45, 1.96 |
| Table tennis | 11/22 (3/4) | 1.16 | 0.54, 2.50 | 1.10 | 0.51, 2.36 | 6/14 (3/4) | 0.88 | 0.32, 2.43 | 0.87 | 0.31, 2.39 | 5/8 (4/3) | 1.67 | 0.51, 5.40 | 1.44 | 0.44, 4.74 |
| Lawn Bowl | 14/36 (4/6) | 0.85 | 0.44, 1.63 | 0.83 | 0.43, 1.61 | 7/21 (3/6) | 0.71 | 0.28, 1.79 | 0.69 | 0.28, 1.73 | 7/15 (6/5) | 1.09 | 0.41, 2.89 | 1.16 | 0.43, 3.10 |
| Boxing | 6/8 (2/1) | 1.53 | 0.50, 4.65 | 1.46 | 0.48, 4.45 | 6/7 (3/2) | 1.93 | 0.59, 6.29 | 1.89 | 0.58, 6.16 | 0/1 (0/0) | — | — | — | — |
| Golf | 39/59 (12/10) | 1.36 | 0.87, 2.13 | 1.38 | 0.88, 2.16 | 29/40 (14/12) | 1.33 | 0.78, 2.29 | 1.33 | 0.77, 2.29 | 10/19 (8/7) | 1.49 | 0.63, 3.50 | 1.61 | 0.68, 3.82 |
| Gymnastics | 16/29 (5/5) | 1.06 | 0.55, 2.04 | 0.99 | 0.51, 1.92 | 7/9 (3/3) | 1.51 | 0.53, 4.34 | 1.53 | 0.52, 4.46 | 9/20 (8/7) | 1.00 | 0.41, 2.45 | 0.87 | 0.35, 2.17 |
| Horse riding | 7/10 (2/2) | 1.57 | 0.57, 4.31 | 1.42 | 0.51, 3.93 | 3/3 (1/1) | 1.87 | 0.35, 10.2 | 1.80 | 0.33, 9.96 | 4/7 (3/3) | 1.53 | 0.41, 5.69 | 1.30 | 0.34, 4.98 |
| Walking | 12/22 (4/4) | 1.18 | 0.56, 2.48 | 1.17 | 0.55, 2.48 | 2/7 (1/2) | 0.52 | 0.10, 2.79 | 0.45 | 0.08, 2.44 | 10/15 (8/5) | 1.53 | 0.62, 3.75 | 1.74 | 0.70, 4.33 |
| Tramping | 13/20 (4/3) | 1.37 | 0.65, 2.89 | 1.45 | 0.68, 3.07 | 7/12 (3/4) | 1.17 | 0.43, 3.20 | 1.22 | 0.44, 3.36 | 6/8 (5/3) | 2.16 | 0.68, 6.84 | 2.20 | 0.69, 7.08 |
| Softball | 22/39 (7/6) | 0.99 | 0.56, 1.75 | 0.98 | 0.55, 1.73 | 11/15 (5/5) | 1.04 | 0.44, 2.45 | 1.04 | 0.44, 2.45 | 11/24 (9/9) | 1.04 | 0.47, 2.29 | 0.98 | 0.44, 2.21 |
| Surfing | 8/10 (2/2) | 1.21 | 0.46, 3.20 | 1.12 | 0.42, 2.97 | 6/8 (3/2) | 0.94 | 0.30, 2.91 | 0.91 | 0.29, 2.85 | 2/2 (2/1) | 2.25 | 0.29, 17.6 | 1.54 | 0.20, 12.2 |
| Yachting | 4/16 (1/3) | 0.40 | 0.13, 1.25 | 0.40 | 0.13, 1.25 | 3/15 (1/5) | 0.27 | 0.07, 1.00 | 0.27 | 0.07, 1.01 | 1/1 (1/0) | 1.69 | 0.08, 37.6 | 2.05 | 0.09, 47.0 |
| Rowing | 8/23 (2/4) | 0.50 | 0.22, 1.17 | 0.49 | 0.21, 1.14 | 7/20 (3/6) | 0.53 | 0.21, 1.30 | 0.52 | 0.21, 1.29 | 1/3 (1/1) | 0.73 | 0.07, 7.48 | 0.66 | 0.06, 7.07 |
| Diving | 4/8 (1/1) | 0.78 | 0.22, 2.70 | 0.78 | 0.22, 2.74 | 4/7 (2/2) | 0.86 | 0.23, 3.13 | 0.89 | 0.24, 3.31 | 0/1 (0/0) | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ | ‐ |
| Skiing | 10/18 (3/3) | 1.00 | 0.44, 2.27 | 0.96 | 0.42, 2.21 | 8/10 (4/3) | 0.97 | 0.36, 2.62 | 0.96 | 0.35, 2.62 | 2/8 (2/3) | 0.77 | 0.15, 4.00 | 0.64 | 0.12, 3.58 |
| Endurance sports activities b | 61/71 (19/12) | 1.57 | 1.06,2.33* | 1.50 | 1.01, 2.22* | 45/47 (22/14) | 1.52 | 0.94, 2.46 | 1.46 | 0.90, 2.37 | 16/24 (14/9) | 1.52 | 0.72, 3.17 | 1.43 | 0.67, 3.03 |
| Types of Endurance sports activities | |||||||||||||||
| Marathons c | 46/58 (14/10) | 1.36 | 0.88, 2.11 | 1.30 | 0.83, 2.01 | 35/39 (17/12) | 1.31 | 0.77, 2.22 | 1.25 | 0.73, 2.13 | 11/19 (9/7) | 1.24 | 0.53, 2.91 | 1.19 | 0.50, 2.84 |
| Full Marathons only | 29/30 (9/5) | 1.66 | 0.95, 2.88 | 1.63 | 0.93, 2.84 | 23/22 (11/7) | 1.49 | 0.78, 2.87 | 1.47 | 0.76, 2.84 | 6/8 (5/3) | 1.74 | 0.56, 5.49 | 1.70 | 0.53, 5.44 |
| Other running | 9/8 (3/1) | 2.06 | 0.77, 5.51 | 2.05 | 0.77, 5.49 | 6/4 (3/1) | 2.16 | 0.58, 8.08 | 2.15 | 0.58, 8.01 | 3/4 (3/1) | 1.71 | 0.36, 8.18 | 1.70 | 0.35, 8.28 |
| Cycling d | 6/12 (2/2) | 0.96 | 0.35, 2.65 | 0.87 | 0.31, 2.40 | 3/9 (1/3) | 0.64 | 0.16, 2.49 | 0.57 | 0.14, 2.26 | 3/3 (3/1) | 2.08 | 0.38, 11.50 | 1.86 | 0.33, 10.4 |
| Others | 3/2 (1/0) | 1.72 | 0.28, 0.72 | 1.71 | 0.27, 11.0 | 3/2 (1/1) | 1.75 | 0.27, 11.4 | 1.80 | 0.27, 11.9 | 1/0 (1/0) | — | — | — | — |
OR adjusted age, gender (for analyses combining males and females), education, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking, alcohol consumption. OR1: adjusted age, gender (for analyses combining males and females), education, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), smoking, alcohol consumption, head injury, spine injury & emotional trauma.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; OR, odds ratio.
a
Analyses of never/ever of different types of sports was based on cases +controls ≥10 participants.
b
Sports with great physical effort (‘Have you ever engaged in a sport that required great physical effort, for instance running a marathon?’).
c
Marathons included a full marathon, full ironman, triathlon, half marathon & half ironman.
d
Cycling includes both mountain biking and road biking, but the majority was road biking.
*
p < .05.