FIGURE 4.

Identification of Ti particles. Metal particles were identified in H&E sections using light microscopy (a) and polarized light (b), and further using scanning electron microscopy using different conditions (c) while they were confirmed using dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (d) and elemental analysis was performed to estimate a mean mass percentage of identified elements with respective SD (e). Smaller dispersed titanium particles were observed in the boundary zone (a) while the solitary particles with higher diameter were rather observed in central zones (d). In addition to Ti, elemental analysis confirmed the presence of other constitutive elements of dental materials and instruments in some specimens, including Si, Fe, Rb and Yr (d, e), as well as other organic and non‐organic elements probably originating from biological fluids and carbon metallization such as C, O, K, Mg, Si, S and P