| PGC-1α | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma-coactivator 1alpha |
| Nrf1 | Nuclear respiratory factor |
| Nrf2 | Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 |
| TFAM | Mitochondrial transcription factor A |
| NOAEL | No observed adverse effect level |
| LOAEL | The lowest observable adverse effect level |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
| GSH | Glutathione |
| CAT | Catalase |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| TC | Total cholesterol |
| TG | Triacylglycerols |
| LDL-C | Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| HDL-C | High-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
| ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
| AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
| TUNEL | Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling |
| SCFAs | Short-chain fatty acids |
| GST | Glutathione S-transferase |
| GSH-Px | Glutathione peroxidase |
| PCA | Principal component analysis |
| ALP | Alkaline phosphatase |
| LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |
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