Table 2.

Characteristics of included studies

Author; country	Method	Participants	Indication for PIVC	Intervention	Comparator	PIVC inserter/operator USG and landmark PIVC	Outcomes
Avelar et al. 17 ; Brazil	Single centre RCT	N = 355; 1 day to 18 years; hospitalised	Admitted to a paediatric surgical unit	Ultrasound	Traditional landmark	Trained nurse	Successful insertion of PIVC on first puncture; catheter dwell time; absence of identification of signs of local intravenous therapy complications
Benkhadra et al. 18 ; France	Single centre RCT	N = 40; less than 3 years; operating room suite	Induction of anaesthesia	Ultrasound	Traditional landmark	Anaesthetist	First‐time insertion success; overall PIVC insertion success; time to cannulation, total number of punctures and type of catheter used
Curtis et al. 19 ; Canada	Single centre RCT	N = 418; less than 16 years; emergency department	Required PIVC as part of their treatment	Ultrasound and near infrared light	Traditional landmark	Not stated	First‐attempt PIVC insertion success; number of attempts to successful PIVC placement; time to successful PIVC insertion
Doniger et al. 20 ; USA	Single centre RCT	N = 50; less than 10 years; emergency department	Required PIVC as part of their treatment	Ultrasound	Traditional landmark	Emergency department nurse or physician	Number of attempts; overall PIVC insertion success; overall procedure time; number of needle redirections and the necessity for alternative methods of vascular access
Hanada et al. 21 ; USA	Single centre RCT	N = 102; weighing greater than or equal to 3 kg and aged less than 4 years; operating room suite	Maintenance of anaesthesia	Ultrasound	Traditional landmark	Anaesthetist	First‐attempt insertion success; success rate of PIVC insertion within 10 min

PIVC, paediatric peripheral intravenous catheter; RCT, randomised controlled trial.