Table 1.
Patient characteristic under treatment‐naïve condition (n = 68)
| Mid‐systolic returners (n = 37) | Late‐systolic returners (n = 20) | Diastolic returners (n = 11) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | 59 (30–73) | 58 (43–72) | 64 (50–75) | 0.441 |
| Female (n, %) | 23 (62%) | 9 (45%) | 7 (64%) | 0.412 |
| BSA (m2, %) | 1.85 ± 0.21 | 1.92 ± 0.21 | 1.95 ± 0.24 | 0.286 |
| PAH type | 0.458 | |||
| IPAH (n, %) | 31 (84%) | 18 (90%) | 8 (73%) | |
| HPAH (n, %) | 6 (16%) | 2 (10%) | 3 (27%) | |
| NT‐pro BNP (ng L–1) | 1090 (389–2309) | 600 (132–1302) | 626 (253–1231) | 0.097 |
| 6MWD (m) |
396 ± 135 (n = 29) |
446 ± 124 (n = 16) |
374 ± 170 (n = 11) |
0.363 |
| DLco (predict, %) |
55 ± 18 (n = 30) |
58 ± 25 (n = 14) |
47 ± 20 (n = 7) |
0.517 |
| Haemodynamics | ||||
| HR (bpm) | 80 ± 14 | 76 ± 15 | 71 ± 13 | 0.174 |
| Mean PAP (mmHg) | 51 (45–58) | 48 (40–54) | 48 (34–50) | 0.964 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | 54 ± 13* | 45 ± 12 | 45 ± 11 | 0.016 |
| Mean RAP (mmHg) | 7 (4–10) | 6 (4–7) | 7 (5–8) | 0.662 |
| CO (L min–1) | 4.1 (3.5–5.6) | 4.7 (4.0–5.9) | 4.4 (3.6–4.9) | 0.528 |
| PVR, Woods unit | 10.0 (7.6–11.9) | 7.3 (6.1–11.5) | 9.1 (4.3–10.6) | 0.031 |
| Total arterial compliance (mL mmHg–1) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4)* | 1.5 (1.0–2.0) | 1.3 (1.1–2.0) | 0.009 |
| Zc (mmHg s mL–1) | 0.10 (0.06–0.13)# | 0.14 (0.07–0.24) | 0.18 (0.15–0.19) | 0.006 |
| RVESP (mmHg) | 43 (40–54) | 48 (35–49) | 43 (34–51) | 0.478 |
| RVEDP (mmHg) | 19 (16–23)# | 15 (13–22) | 10 (7–16) | 0.016 |
| Duration of RV systole (ms) | 426 ± 65# | 387 ± 54 | 335 ± 55 | <0.001 |
| RV function, morphology and wall tension | ||||
| RVEDV/BSA (mL m–2) | 78 (66–97) | 73 (64–85) | 77 (67–88) | 0.440 |
| RVESV/BSA (mL m–2) | 49 (39–68) | 42 (34–61) | 43 (34–73) | 0.321 |
| RVEF (%) | 34.8 ± 11.7 | 39.6 ± 10.2 | 37.2 ± 15.0 | 0.349 |
| RV mass/BSA (g m–2) | 54.6 ± 12.6*# | 44.4 ± 10.1 | 42.8 ± 13.1 | 0.002 |
| RV‐ESWT (kdyne cm–1) | 214 (198–265) | 205 (177–273) | 187 (139–260) | 0.249 |
| RV‐EDWT (kdyne cm–1) | 109 (88–125)# | 85 (68–128) | 59 (37–99) | 0.022 |
Data are presented as the mean, mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or number of patients (%). P value (right column) was by one‐way ANOVA or a Kruskal–Wallis test. NT‐proBNP, mean PAP, CO, PVR, total arterial compliance, RVEDP, RVEDV/BSA, RVESV/BSA, RV‐ESWT and RV‐EDWT were log‐transformed for one‐way ANOVA. There was no statistical difference among groups according to a Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparisons. * P < 0.05: mid‐systolic returners vs. late‐systolic returners, #P < 0.05, mid‐systolic returners vs. diastolic returners.
Abbreviations: PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; BSA, body surface area; IPAH, idiopathic PAH; HPAH, heritable PAH; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; 6MWD, 6 min walk distance; DLco, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide. HR, heart rate; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; RAP, right atrial pressure; CO, cardiac output; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; Zc, characteristic impedance of the proximal artery; RVESP, right ventricle end‐systolic pressure; RVEDP, right ventricle end‐diastolic pressure; RV, right ventricle; RVEDV, right ventricle end‐diastolic volume; BSA, body surface area; RVESV, right ventricle end‐systolic volume; RVEF, right ventricle ejection fraction; RV‐ESWT, right ventricular end‐systolic wall tension; RV‐EDWT, right ventricular end‐diastolic wall tension.