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(A) Forest plot illustrating the cardiovascular risk associated with long-term PPI use using a random-effects model. (B) Forest plot illustrating the cardiovascular risk associated with long-term PPI use using a fixed-effects model. Zhang 2015 [9]; Gu 2016 [14]; Nicolau 2015 [15]; Gargiulo 2016 [16]; Moayeddi 2019 [17]; Sugano 2014 [18]; Vaduganathan 2016 [19]; Whellan 2014 [23]; Jackson 2016 [20]; Weisz 2015 [21].
