Table 2.

Precision and risk of bias assessment for mosquito-borne virus prevalence measures in Egypt.

Virus	Author, Year	Region/City/Governorate	Species	Sampling Approach	Risk of Bias Assessment		Precision	Ref.
					Sampling	Assay
DENV	Hussen, 2020	Upper Egypt (Sohag and Assiut)	Human Camel	MSCS MSCS	Low	High	Low	[34]
DENV, SINV, WNV	Mohammed, 1970	Alexandria	Human	Conv.	High	High	High	[26]
DENV, SINV, WNV	Darwish, 1975	Throughout Egypt	Human	CS	Low	Low	High	[33]
RVFV	Mroz, 2017	Nile Delta	Cattle	MSCS	Low	Low	High	[11]
	Mroz, 2017	Throughout Egypt	Different livestock	MSCS	Low	Low	High	[10]
	El-Bahgy, 2018	From different herds in Egypt and originated from Sudan	Camel	MSCS	Low	High	High	[53]
	Meegan, 1979	Qalyoubiya, Sharqiya, Giza	Human	Conv.	High	Low	Low	[36]
	Abdel-Rahim, 1999	Aswan and Assiut	Sheep Cattle	Conv. Conv.	High High	Low Low	Low Low	[45]
	Imam, 1979	Qalyoubiya, Sharqiya, Giza, Menia, Aswan, Sohag, Cairo	Different animals	Conv.	High	Low	High	[35]
	Hanafi, 2011	Aswan, Beni Suef, Behera, Cairo, Daqahliya, Kafr El-Sheikh, Qalyoubiya, Qena, and Sharqiya	Human	Conv.	High	Low	High	[50]
		Kafr El-Sheikh	Different livestock	Cluster	Low	High	High
		Kafr El-Sheikh	Mosquito	Cluster	Low	Low	High
	Youssef, 2001	Behera Alexandria Menia	Rat	Cluster	Low	High	High	[48]
	Youssef, 2002	Behera Alexandria Menia	Rat	Cluster	Low	Low	High	[49]
	Niklasson, 1979	Swedish soldiers serving in Egypt	Human	Cluster	Low	High	High	[37]
	Mahmoud, 2021	Aswan, Qena, and Luxor	Different livestock	Cluster	Low	High	Low	[9]
	Horton, 2014	Giza (originated from governorates throughout Egypt)	Different livestock	Cluster	Low	High	High	[52]
	Turkistany, 2001	Slaughterhouse personnel in Makkah from Egypt	Human	Cluster	Low	High	Low	[46]
	Abu-Elyazeed, 1996	Behera, Beni Suef, Cairo, Damietta, Daqahliya, Gharbiya, Giza, North Sinai, Ismailia, Kafr El-Sheikh, Menoufiya, Port Said, Qalyoubiya, Sharqiya, South Sinai	Human	Cluster	Low	High	High	[42]
	Youssef, 2009	Alexandria	Pig Human	Cluster Cluster	Low Low	High High	High Low	[51]
	Allam, 1986	Nile Delta	Sheep	Cluster	Low	Low	High	[38]
	Arthur, 1993	Aswan	Different livestock	Conv.	High	Low	Low	[44]
	Botros, 1988	Daqahliya	Sheep	Cluster	Low	Low	High	[39]
	Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), 1994	Aswan	Human	Cluster	Low	High	High	[43]
RVFV, SINV	El-Esnawy, 2001	NA	Human	Cluster	Low	High	High	[47]
RVFV, WNV, CHIKV	Darwish, 1987	Giza	Human	Conv.	High	Low	Low	[24]
RVFV, WNV	Corwin, 1992	Sharqiya	Human	MSCS	Low	High	High	[40]
RVFV, WNV	Corwin, 1993	Nile River Valley	Human	Random	Low	High	High	[41]
SINV, WNV	Turell, 2002	Aswan	Mosquitoes	Random	Low	Low	High	[56]
WNV	Selim, 2020	Qalyoubiya, Menoufia, Kafr El-Sheikh, Gharbia	Horse	Random	Low	Low	High	[60]
	Selim, 2020	Qalyoubiya, Menoufia, Kafr El-Sheikh, Gharbia	Different livestock	Random	Low	High	High	[59]
	Soliman, 2010	Upper Egypt (Qena), Middle Egypt (Fayoum), Lower Egypt (Sharqiya), North Sinai (Al-Areesh), South Sinai (Nuweiba)	Human	Random	Low	High	High	[57]
	Youssef, 2017	Blood donors from the blood bank of Ain Shams University Hospitals	Human	Random	Low	Low	High	[58]
	Schmidt, 1964	Kafr El-Sheikh	Tick	MSCS	High	Low	High	[55]
	Schmidt, 1963	Upper and Lower Egypt	Equine	Random	Low	Low	High	[54]

Risk of bias (ROB) assessment was considered low when (i) sampling was based on random or cluster selection and (ii) measures included viral neutralization testing or biological assays (i.e., virus isolation or RT-PCR). ROB was considered high for (i) acute infection studies or studies on sera or tissues taken from the affected herds, or (ii) measures conducted by immunological assays. Studies were considered to have a high precision if the number of individuals tested was ≥100 for humans and animals and ≥1000 for vectors. Abbreviations: CHIKV: Chikungunya virus; Conv: convenience sampling; CS: cluster sampling; DENV: dengue virus; MSCS: multi-stage cluster sampling; Ref: reference; RVFV: Rift Valley fever virus; SINV: Sindbis virus; WNV: West Nile virus.