Table 1.

Non-genomic effects of progesterone across humans and animals. In the given receptor types, mPRs represent membrane progesterone receptors.

Action	Cell/Tissue	Receptor	Signaling Pathway	References
Acrosome reaction/capacitation	Human spermatozoa	mPRs	Ca2+, cAMP, G/adenylyl cyclase, mitogen activated protein kinase	[13,14,15]
Steroidogenesis, luteinizing hormone action	Rodent Leydig cells	mPRs	Na+	[4,16,17]
Oocyte maturation	Amphibian and fish oocytes	mPRs	G-protein, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, cAMP	[18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]
Immunoregulation	Human T-lymphocytes	mPRs	G-protein, K+ channel	[26,27]
Platelet aggregation	Human platelets	mPRs	Ca2+, Src-dependent pathway	[28,29,30]
Anti-apoptotic effect	Rat granulosa cells	mPRs	mitogen-activated protein kinase, Ca2+, protein kinase G	[31,32]
Vasoreaction	Rat vascular smooth muscle cells		Ca2+, cAMP	[33]
Actin cytoskeleton remodeling/cell movement	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells	mPRs	G-protein, phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Rho-associated kinase	[34,35]
Muscle contraction	Human intestinal smooth muscle cells	mPRs	Ca2+	[36]
Inhibition of proliferation	Smooth muscle cells	mPRs	Src/RhoA—kinases	[37]
Transepithelial resistance	Human fetal membranes	Not determined	not determined	[38]
Activation of transcription factors	Breast cancer	mPRs	extracellular signal regulated kinases, Src/Akt-kinases, phosphoinositide-3-kinases	[34,39]
Neuroprotection	Mouse cerebral cortex, rat hippocampal neurons	mPRs, σ1 receptor	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, extracellular receptor kinase, Ca2+,	[40,41,42,43]
Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNP) release	Glia	mPRs	Extracellular signal regulated kinases	[44]
Retinal neuronal activity	Mouse rod bipolar cells	Inositol-triphosphate receptor type 1	Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Ca2+	[45]
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release	Hypothalamic neurons	mPRs	Not determined	[46]
Lordosis	Ventral tegmental area, mid-brain	GABAA/benzodiazepine receptor complexes	Not determined	[47]