Table 1.

Summary of notable studies on skin reconstruction applications enabled by fibrin-based materials.

Fibrin-Based Material Description	Targeted Biomedical Application	Wound Type	Type of Cells Used	Animal Models	Clinical Application	Bio-Mechanical Tests	Comments	Reference
Pure fibrin gel	Skin substitute	Burn	Human keratinocytes	n/a	Yes	n/a	3-year patient follow up	[104]
Fibrin–succinimidyl glutarate blends	Skin-on-chip/skin reconstruction	Toxic wounds	Fibroblasts and keratinocytes	n/a	n/a	Permeation and swelling tests	Good potential for wound healing	[105]
Platelet-rich fibrin	Diabetic foot ulcers	Diabetic skin wound	n/a	Male nude mice	n/a	n/a	Promoting angiogenesis	[106]
Leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin	Scalp Defect Reconstruction	Surgical open wounds	n/a	n/a	Yes	n/a	Effective toward skin malignancy on the scalp	[107]
Collagen hydrogel/fibrin-coated polylactide	Skin repair	Deep skin wounds	Fibroblasts	n/a	n/a	n/a	Keratinocytes formed basal layers	[108]
Poly(ethylene glycol)–fibrinogen conjugates	Tissue engineering	n/a	Smooth muscle cells	n/a	n/a	Stress–sweep rheological testing	Cell proliferation control with fibrin nano-fibers	[109]
Fibrin hydrogel	Skin substitutes	Subcutaneous replacement	Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) and mature adipocytes	n/a	Patients undergoing body contouring surgery	n/a	Artificial hypodermis similar to native adipose tissue	[110]
Fibrin membrane	Skin scaffolds	Diabetic wound regeneration	Fibroblasts	Diabetic rats	n/a	n/a	Good collagen deposition in the wounds	[111]
Platelet-rich fibrin	Excisions of skin cancers	Dermatologic surgery	n/a	n/a	Patient with multiple nonmelanoma skin cancer.	n/a	Exuberant granulation tissue formation over ulcers	[112]
Leukocyte–Platelet-Rich Fibrin	Skull defect reconstruction	Endoscopic skull base surgery	n/a	n/a	Patients underwent endoscopic endonasal resection	n/a	Healthy crust formation occurred	[113]
Collagen–fibrin–polyethylene glycol (PEG) scaffolds	Vascular skin reconstruction	Burn-induced wound debridement	Stem cells from adipose tissue layer	Athymic rats	n/a	n/a	Effective against vascularized dermal equivalent for severe trauma cases	[114]
Fibrin/hyaluronan gels	Tracheal defects	Cartilage regeneration	Chondrocytes from rabbit	Female rabbits	n/a	n/a	No graft rejection recorded	[115]
3D fibrin constructs	Skin grafting	Dermo-epidermal skin substitutes	Adipose-derived cells	Immuno-incompetent female nu/nu rats	n/a	n/a	Successful prevascularizion of wound bed	[116]
Fibrin/hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel with poly(l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)	Reconstruction of trachea	Thyroid/laryngeal malignancies	Allogeneic chondrocytes	New Zealand white male rabbits	n/a	n/a	Successful neocartilage formation with minimal granulation tissue	[117]
Poly(l-lactide) modified fibrin	Ascorbic acid rich skin constructs	Heart valve	Human dermal fibroblasts	n/a	n/a	n/a	Promoted collagen production in the cells	[118]
Thrombin/fibrinogen embedded skin explants	Skin substitute	Skin explants in wound repair	Skeletal muscle explants	n/a	n/a	n/a	Excellent cell outgrowth from skin explants onto dermal substitute	[119]