. 2022 Jul 12;27(14):4457. doi: 10.3390/molecules27144457

Table 1.

Antiviral activities of medicinal fungi and their mechanism of action in human viruses.

Virus		Chemical Class	Antiviral Agent	Source	Action Mechanism	Reference
SARS-CoV-2		Polysaccharide	L-fucose–containing polysaccharides	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro	[12]
		Triterpenes, protein		Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola frondosa et al.	Inhibition ACE activity	[13]
		Steroid	Antcins	Antrodia cinnamomea	ACE2 inhibitory effect	[14]
		Polysaccharide	20% α-glucans	Lentinus edodes	Regulating the immune system	[15]
		Polysaccharide	Carbosynth-lentinan (50%β-glucan 12%α-glucan)	Lentinus edodes	Reduce the level of inflammation in the lung	[16]
		Polysaccharide	In-house Lentinan (72%β-glucan)	Lentinus edodes	Reduce the level of inflammation in the lung	[16]
		Adenosine	Cordycepin(C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₃)	Cordyceps sinensis	Spike protein inhibitor	[17]
IV		Crude extract	ME, MFs (MF1, MF2 and MF3)	Grifola frondosa	Vitro induce the production of cytokines such as TNF-α, which inhibit the growth of virus in vitro.	[18]
		Pyranone	Phelligridins E, G	Phellinus igniarius	Vitro neuraminidase inhibitory activity	[19]
		Crude extract	Aqueous extract PIW	Phellinus igniarius	Vitro interfering with the early replication process of the virus	[20]
		Crude extract	Lentinus edodes mycelium extract LEM	Lentinus edodes	Vitro Inhibit virus entry into host cells activate the immune response through the type I IFN pathway	[21]
		Terpenoids	Cryptoporic acid E	Cryptoporus volvatus	Vitro	[22]
		Crude extract	Water extract	Cryptoporus volvatus	Vitro	[23]
		Polysaccharide	APS (D-galactose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, L-rhamnose, and D-galacturonic acid)	Cordyceps militaris	Vitro	[24]
		Crude extract		Cordyceps militaris	Vivo increased IL-12 expression and greater number of NK cells	[25]
		Crude extract		Auuriporia aurea, Flammulina velutipes, Fomes fomentarius, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes, Lyophyllum shimeji, Pleurotus eryngii, Pleurotus ostreatus, Schizophyllum commune, and Trametes versicolor	Vitro	[26]
		Fatty acid	(2Z,4E)-deca-2,4-dienoic acid (DDEA)	Cordyceps sinensis	Reduce the level of inflammation caused by infection with H1N1	[27]
		Polysaccharide	PCP-II (fucose, mannose, glucose and galactose in molar ration of 1.00:1.63:0.16:6.29)	Poria cocos	Vaccine adjuvant	[28]
		Polysaccharide	Mixed polysaccharides (MPs)	shiitake mushroom, poriacocos, ginger, tangerine peel	Enhanced the level of cellular immunity and humoral immunity	[29]
EV71		Polysaccharide	Neutral polysaccharide having a β-1,6-linked Glcp backbone with 1,3-α-glucan units	Grifola frondosa	Vitro Inhibition of VP1 protein expression and genomic RNA synthesis	[30]
		Polysaccharide	95%polysaccharides (glucose 79% and mannose 21%) and 5% proteins	Ganoderma lucidum	Vaccine adjuvant	[31]
		Triterpenoid	Lanosta-7,9(11),24-trien-3one,15;26-dihydroxy (GLTA) and Ganoderic acid Y (GLTB)	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro inhibits the replication of the viral RNA replication through blocking EV71 uncoating	[32]
HIV		Adenosine	Cordycepin(C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₃)	Cordyceps sinensis	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 8.2 × 10⁻³ μM	[33]
		Water extract		Cordyceps sinensis	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	[34]
		Adenosine	L3a(C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₄), L3b(C₂₀H₂₀O₇), L3c(C₁₂H₁₇N₅O₅)	Cordyceps militaris	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	[35]
		Lectin	N-terminal amino acid sequence (NSTDISLNHG) Molecular mass 30 kDa	Cordyceps militaris	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 10 μM	[36]
		Lectin	N-terminal amino acid sequence (QYSQMAQVME) Molecular mass 32.4 kDa	Pleurotus ostreatus	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 0.93 μM	[37]
		Protein	N-terminal amino acid sequence (AEGTLLGSRA TCESGNSMY) Molecular mass 9567 Da,	Hypsizigus marmoreus	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 30 nM	[38]
		Protein	N-terminal amino acid sequence(XHPDLFXX) molecular mass 13.8 kDa	Flammulina velutipes	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	[39]
		Hemolysin	N-terminal amino acid sequence (ATNYNKCPGA) Molecular mass 29 kDa	Schizophyllum commune	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 1.8 mM	[40]
		Ribonuclease	N-terminal amino acid sequence (TPYLDYLAAL QADGPVVPFIRNWEGALSIS) Molecular mass 20 kDa	Schizophyllum commune	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 65 mM	[41]
		Crude extract	NGCs and AGCs	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro inhibitory effects on the attachment of HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 to cluster of differentiation 4	[42]
		Triterpenoid	Ganoderic acid B	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	[43]
		Triterpenoid	Ganoderic acid β, lucidumol B, ganodermanondiol, ganodermanontriol, ganolucidic acid A	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 20, 50, 90, 70, 70 μM	[44]
		Triterpenoid	Ganoderiol F and ganodermanontriol	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro anti-hiv-1 activity with an inhibition concentration of 7.8 μg/mL	[45]
		Triterpenoid	Ganoderic acid B, ganoderiol B, ganoderic acid C1, 3b-5a-dihydroxy-6b-methoxyergosta-7,22-diene, ganoderic acid a, ganoderic acid H and ganoderiol A	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 0.17–0.23 mM	[45]
		Polysaccharide	PSP (28% polysaccharide-to-peptide ratio and a composition of 60.23 mg/g beta-1,3/1,6-glucan)	Coriolus versicolor	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 6.25 μg/mL inhibition of the interaction between HIV-l gp120 and immobilized CD4 receptor	[46,47]
		Laccase	N-terminal amino acid sequence (AGTSHFADL) molecular mass 67 kDa	Lentinus edodes	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 7.5 µM	[48]
		Protein	N-terminal amino acid sequence (CQRAFNNPRDDAIRW) molecular mass 27.5 kDa	Lentinus edodes	Vitro inhibitory activity on HIV-1 reverse transcriptase IC50 1.5 µM	[49]
		Lignin	The elemental analysis; C, 44.6%; H, 4.68%; N, 1.74%	Lentinus edodes	Vitro	[50]
		Water extract	E-P-LEM and LEM	Lentinus edodes	Vitro	[51]
HPV		Crude extract	Fruit body powders	Trametes versicolor, Ganoderma lucidum	Vivo	[52]
HPV		Crude extract	Non-hormonal gel	Trametes versicolor	Vivo	[53]
DENV		Conidia	Conidia	Beauveria bassiana	Vivo activation of the mosquito’s anti-dengue Toll and JAK-STAT pathways	[54]
		Adenosine	Cordycepin(C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₃)	Cordyceps sinensis	Vitro inhibition of viral RNA replication	[55]
		Crude extract	Hot aqueous extracts, and aqueous soluble extracts	rhinocerotis, Pleurotus giganteus, Hericium erinaceus, Schizophyllum commune	Vitro	[56,57]
		Aqueous extract	Hesperidin	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro anti-DENV NS2B-NS3 protease activity	[58]
		Triterpene	Ganodermanontriol	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro	[59]
HV	HBV	Crude extract	Crude extract	Cordyceps sinensis	Reduce apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells	[60]
		Crude extract	GF-D extract	Grifola frondosa	Vitro directly interferes with HBV replication at the level of DNA polymerase	[61]
		Polysaccharide	β-glucan with a (1-3)-β-glucose backbone and (1-6)-β-glucose side chains	Polyporus umbellatus	Treat hepatitis caused by HBV	[62]
		Polysaccharide	Glucan	Schizophyllum commune	Modulate both cellular and humoral immune responses	[63]
		Crude extract	Co-fermented broth	Ganoderma lucidum and Radix Sophorae flavescentis	Vitro	[64]
		Triterpene	Ganoderic	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro	[65]
		Polysaccharide	LEP-1 (glucose72.15%, galactose12.12%, mannose10.02%) LEP-2(glucose79.49%, galactose7.12%, mannose6.92%)	Lentinus edodes	Vitro	[66]
	HCV	Crude extract	MSCE and LM-lignin	Lentinula edodes	Inhibit the entry of HCVpv into cells	[67]
	HCV	Adenosine	Cordycepin(C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₃)	Cordyceps militaris	Inhibit HCV RNA replication in vitro inhibit NS5B polymerase activity	[68]
HV	HSV	Protein	N-terminal amino acid sequence (NH2-REQDNAPCGLN-COOH) molecular mass 29.5 kDa	Grifola frondosa	Vitro and vivo	[69]
		Crude extract	JLS-SO01	Lentinus edodes	Vitro blocks HSV-I replication at the later stage of the virus replication cycle	[70]
		Polysaccharide	APBP polysacchride (approximately 40.6%) and protein (approximately 7.80%) carbohydrates molar ratio (C:H:O = 1:2:1)	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro	[71,72,73]
		Crude extract	Water-soluble extracts GLhw and GLlw and eight kinds of methanol-soluble extracts GLMe-1-8	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro	[74]
		Crude extract	Herbal mixture WTTCGE	Ganoderma lucidum	Vivo	[75]
	EBV	Adenosine	Cordycepin(C₁₀H₁₃N₅O₃)	Cordyceps sinensis	Vitro Affect the synthesis of viral proteins by acting on the genes of EBV	[76]
		Terpenoid	lucidenic acid P, methyl lucidenates P, methyl lucidenates Q	Ganoderma lucidum	Inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen induction	[77]
		Terpenoid	Ganoderic acid A, ganoderic acid B, ganoderol B, ganodermanontriol, ganodermanondiol	Ganoderma lucidum	Vitro	[78]
RSV		Protein	114 amino acid residues molecular mass 13 kDa	Flammulina velutipes	In vivo reduce the viral titers of RSV reducing NF-jB translocation	[79]
PV		Crude extract polysaccharide	LeP(β-D-glucan) aqueous (AqE) and ethanol (EtOHE) extracts	Lentinus edodes	Vitro	[80]
RV		Polysaccharide	Fucose, mannose, glucose and galactose at a molar ratio 1.00:1.63:0.16:6.29.	Poria cocos	Adjuvant for rabies vaccine	[81]
MARV		Polysaccharide	PCP-II (fucose, mannose, glucose and galactose in molar ration of 1.00:1.63:0.16:6.29)	Poria cocos	Vaccine adjuvant	[82,83]