Table 1.
Analysis types, instruments and items of veterinary drug residues in foods in this study.
| Analysis types and instrumentsa | Analysis items | |
|---|---|---|
| β-Agonists | LC/MS/MS | brombuterol, cimaterol, cimbuterol, clenbuterol, clencyclohexerol, clenisopenterol, clenpenterol, clenproperol, fenoterol, formoterol, isoxsuprine, mabuterol, mapenterol, 3-o-methyl-colterol, ractopamine, salbutamol, salmeterol, terbutaline, tulobuterol, zilpaterol |
| Chloramphenicols | LC/MS/MS | chloramphenicol, florfenicol, florfenicol amine, thiamphenicol |
| β-Lactam antibiotics | LC/MS/MS | ampicillin, amoxicillin, benzylpenicillin, cephalexin, cefapirin, cefuroxime, cloxacillin, oxacillin |
| Nitrofuran metabolites | LC/MS/MS | 1-aminohydantoin, 3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, 5-methylmorpholino-3-amino-2-oxazolidinone, semicarbazide hydrochloride |
| Carbadox and its metabolites | LC/MS/MS | carbadox, desoxycarbadox, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid |
| Aminoglycosides | LC/MS/MS | apramycin, dihydrostreptomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin |
| Tetracyclines | LC/MS/MS | 4-epimer-chlortetracycline, 4-epimer-oxytetracycline, 4-epimer-tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, doxycycline |
| Antiprotozoal drugs | LC/MS/MS | diclazuril, dimetridazole, halofuginone, metronidazole, narasin, nicarbazin, robenidine hydrochloride |
| Multi-residue analysis | LC/MS/MS |
Sulphonamides: sulfabenzamide, sulfacetamide, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadiazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfadoxine, sulfaethoxypyridazine, sulfaguanidine, sulfamerazine, sulfameter, sulfamethazine, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfapyridine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfathiazole, sulfatroxazole, succinylsulfathiazole, trimethoprim. Fluoroquinolone: ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, sarafloxacin, flumequine Quinolone: fleroxacin, norfloxacin, pefloxacin, nalidixic acid, oxolinic acid, piromidic acid Tranquilizer: azaperol, azaperone Antiparasitics: dicyclanil, eprinomectin, fluazuron, morantel, tetramisole, trichlorfon Others: carazolol, clopidol, ethopabate, ormetoprim, pipemidic acid |
| Antibiotics and their metabolites | LC/MS/MS |
Macrolide antibiotic: clarithromycin, erythromycin, josamycin, kitasamycin, oleandomycin, tilmicosin, tylosin, virginiamycin M1 Lincosamide antibiotic: clindamycin, lincomycin β-Lactam antibiotic: mecillinam Cephalosporin antibiotic: cefoperazone Others: natamycin, neospiramycin I, orbifloxacin, spiramycin I |
| Diethylstilbestrol and hexestrol | HPLC/PDA | diethylstilbestrol, hexestrol |
| 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, zeranol | HPLC/PDA | 17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, zeranol |
| 4-Androstene-3,17-dione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, testosterone | HPLC/PDA | 4-androstene-3,17-dione, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, testosterone |
a
The methods of analysis are announced by the TFDA.