Table 3.

LAB biostimulants and biofertilizer properties on sustainable crop production (PGPR—plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria; IAA—indole acetic acid; LA—lactic acid).

Strains	Source	Crops	Effects	Mechanisms	References
L. plantarum	EM-4, type strain, grape must	Radish, tomato	Increased yield, shoot branching, shoot and root growth	None	[35,109]
L. plantarum	Grape must, oyster mushroom	Tomato	Increased germination, increased shoot and root growth	Bacteriogenic metabolites	[116]
L. plantarum	Commercial phytostimulant	Cucumber	Increased germination and seedling growth	None	[117]
L. plantarum	Dairy products	Tomato	Increasing germination rate and root growth	Bacteriogenic metabolites	[116]
L. plantarum	Human probiotic	Wheat	Osmotic stress alleviation	None	[118]
L. plantarum	PGPR Corp. (Korea)	Cucumber	Increased growth, nutrient uptake, and amino acid content	Increased nutrient availability via succinic acid and LA	[111]
L. plantarum	Unknown	Swertia chirayita	Salt stress tolerant	Stress response	[119]
L. acidophilus	Dairy products	Tomato	Increased shoot branching, shoot and root growth	None	[35]
Lactobacillus sp.	Dairy products	Tomato	Increased shoot branching, shoot and root growth	None	[35]
LAB	Unknown	Pepper	Biocontrol and biostimulant property	IAA and siderophores	[112]
L. acidophilus	Wheat rhizosphere	Wheat	Increased plant length and chlorophyll content	IAA	[120]
L. casei	Commercial phytostimulant	Cucumber	Increased germination rate	None	[117]
LAB strain KLF01	Tomato rhizosphere	Pepper	Increased root and shoot length, root fresh weight, and chlorophyll content	IAA, phosphate solubilization	[113]
LAB strain KLCO2, KPD03	Unknown	Pepper	Increased root and shoot length, root fresh weight and chlorophyll content	IAA, phosphate solubilization	[113]
LAB strain BL06	Sugarcane ferment	Citrus seedling	Increased height, stem diameter, root and shoot weight	Phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation	[121]
LAB	None	None	PGP properties	IAA and mineral solubilization	[106]