Focused Ultrasound |
PLGA [133] |
Can reversibly open BBB; targeted delivery; safety supported via clinical trials; minimal systemic effects |
Acute complications such as microhemorrhages reported; invasive |
Convection-Enhanced Delivery |
PLGA [171], PBAE [143], Chitosan [172], PAMAM [173], PCL [174] |
High volume of distribution reported; targeted delivery; multiple ongoing clinical trials; potential for use post-resection; minimal systemic effects |
No definitive increase in glioma patient survival time reported; infection; limited therapeutic administration windows; invasive |
Nose-to-Brain Delivery |
PLGA [151], Chitosan [46], PCL [153] |
Minimally invasive; easier to study in vivo; bypasses BBB; minimal systemic effects |
Exact delivery mechanism and clearance pathways unclear; non-targeted delivery; bioavailability can be low compared to other delivery mechanisms; limited NP clinical studies |
Intracranial Hydrogel Delivery |
PLGA [155], Chitosan [73], PCL [175] |
Potential for use post-resection; targeted delivery; passively controlled drug release; variety of potential approaches; minimal systemic effects |
Difficult to use with hydrophobic NPs; invasive; non-targeted delivery |
Cell-Based Delivery |
PLGA [168] |
Minimally invasive; limited clearance via reticuloendothelial system compared to other systemic delivery approaches |
Limited NP clinical studies; non-targeted delivery |