Dichloroacetate induces premature senescence. Primary non-senescent HUVEC were left untreated (control, ctrl) or treated with 2–20 mM of dichloroacetate (DCA) for 24 h. (A) Senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Scale bar = 200 µm. (B) Quantification of SA-β-gal-positive cells (n = 3, repeated measure (RM) one-way ANOVA, * p < 0.05 for post-hoc Holm-Šídák test). (C,D) Upper panels: Representative western blot of the senescence markers p16 and p21. Lower panels: Densitometric quantification of p16 and p21 after normalization to vinculin (n = 4, Friedman test: p < 0.05 for overall central tendency, * p < 0.05 for post-hoc Dunn’s test). All data represent mean + SD.