Table 1.
This table lists some of the miRNAs that have been frequently dysregulated in human lung cancer subjects and were further analyzed for their diagnostic and prognostic potential. The direct targets of these miRNAs are identified experimentally in NSCLC cell lines and animal models. (↑) indicates upregulation while as (↓) indicates downregulation. The number of arrows indicates number of studies in the respective human specimen.
| miRNA | Relative Expression Level in Lung Cancer | Clinical Association | Experimental Models | Experimentally Validated Targets | Effect on Lung Carcinogenesis | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| miR-146a | Serum (↓↓), serum (↑↑), tissue (↓) | Dual | Xenograft mouse models, cell lines | COX-2, CCJN, FLAP, IRAK1, TRAF6 | Suppression | [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52] |
| miR-21 | Serum (↑↑↑↑) tissue (↑↑↑) | chemoresistance and poor prognosis | Xenograft mouse models, cell lines, | RECK, NFIB, TIMP3, TPM1, STAT3, Spry1, Spry2, Btg2, and Pdcd4 | Enhancement | [53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63] |
| miR-34a/b/c | Tissue (↓), whole blood (↑) | poor prognosis and relapse | Syngenic mouse model, transgenic mouse model, murine cell lines | Cdh2, Kras, Fn1 SNAIL, | Suppression | [64,65,66,67,68] |
| miR-365 | Serum (↓↓) | poor prognosis | Knock out, malignant cell lines | CDC25, NKX2-1, TRIM25 | Suppression | [69,70,71,72] |
| miR-486-5p | Serum (↓), tissue (↓↓), endobronchial mucosa (↓), | poor overall survival and chemoresistance | Xenograft mouse model, Knock out, cell lines | ARHGAP5 (RhoA GTPase), mTOR, Pten | Dual | [73,74,75,76] |
| miR-361 | tissue (↓), serum (↓ | poor prognosis and clinical outcome | cell lines, xenograft mouse model | SH2B1, FOXM1 | Suppression | [77,78,79,80] |
| miR-615-3p | Tissue (↓), tissue (↑↑), | Differential diagnosis | cell lines, xenograft mouse model | IGF2 | Suppression | [81,82,83] |
| miR-200 family | Tissue (↑, ↑) | Dual | Xenograft mouse model, Knock out, cell lines | ZEB1, ZEB2, VEGF, VEGFR1 PRDX2, GAPB/Nrf2, and SESN1, | Suppression | [84,85,86,87,88] |
| miR-221 | Tissue (↑↑), serum (↑↑), serum (↓), plasma (↑↑) | Diagnosis, poor prognosis, and relapse | Xenograft mouse model, Knock out, cell lines | P27kip1, TIMP3, PUMA, PTEN, MDM2, | Enhancement | [89,90,91,92,93] |
| Let-7a/b | tissue(↓↓), FFPE tissue (↓↓) | Poor survival rate and clinical outcome | Transgenic mouse, Knock out, malignant cell lines | KRAS, c-MYC, CDK6, HOXA9, TGFBR1, BCL-XL, MAP4K3 | Suppression | [21,94,95,96,97,98] |
| Let-7e | Tissue (↓), FFPE tissue (↓↓↓) | Poor survival rate and clinical outcome | Transgenic mouse, malignant cell lines | SUV39H2 | Suppression | [21,99,100,101] |
| miR-17-5p | Tissue (↓), tissue (↑), serum (↑), plasma (↓) | Dual | Transgenic mouse | BECN1, TBC1D2 | Enhancement | [102,103,104,105] |
| miR-19a/b | Serum (↑↑), tissue (↑) | Poor prognosis | cell lines, xenograft mouse model | c-MET, PP2A, BIM, E-cadherin, ZO-1, α-catenin, TNF-α | Enhancement | [90,106,107,108,109] |
| miR-18a | Plasma (↑↑), | Poor prognosis and radio resistance | cell lines | IRF2, ATM, HIF1-α | Enhancement | [102,110,111,112] |
| miR-661 | Tissue (↑↑), Serum (↑) | Differential diagnosis and poor prognosis | cell lines | SOX7, RB1, RUNX3 | Enhancement | [113,114,115,116] |
| miR-26a-5p | FFPE tissue (↑) | Differential diagnosis | Cell lines, | Integrin-β8, FAF1 | Enhancement | [117,118] |
| miR-128-3p | Tissue (↑), tissue (↓) | Differential diagnosis, | Cell lines, xenograft mouse | SMURF2, cpp1, AXIN1, W1F1, SRFP2, DROSHA, DICER | Enhancement | [76,119] |
| miR-378 | Tissue (↑↑) | Diagnosis and chemoresistance | Cell lines, xenograft mouse | RBX1, FOXG1, RBX1, clustin | Enhancement | [120,121,122,123] |
| miR-93 | Tissue (↑↑↑) Serum (↑) |
Diagnosis, Poor overall survival | Cell lines, xenograft mouse | LKB1, TBP2, DAB2 | Enhancement | [124,125,126,127] |
| miR-135b | Serum (not significant), tissue (↑) | Diagnosis, EGFR mutations, invasion of visceral pleura | Cell lines, xenograft mouse | LZTS1, LATS1, MOB-1A, Dbf2, βTrCP | Enhancement | [128,129,130] |
| miR-16 | Plasma (↑↑) Tissue (↓) |
Lung cancer subtype diagnosis, poor prognosis | Cell lines, xenograft mouse, transgenic mice | TWIST1, MEK1, HDGF, VEGF, | Suppression | [131,132,133,134,135,136] |
| miR-15a | Serum (↓), Tissue (↓↓↓) | Diagnosis, poor clinical outcome | Cell lines, xenograft mouse | ACSS2, PDL1, FGFR1, DDX3X, SLC1A5 Smad3, FXR1, BCL2L2 | Suppression | [137,138,139,140] |
| miR-7 | Tissue (↓) | Shorter survival and chemoresistance | SCLC cell lines | KIR2.1, ABCC1, PARP1 | Suppression | [141,142,143] |
| miR-22 | Serum (↑), tissue (↓↓ | Differential diagnosis, | cell lines, Murine xenograft mouse | MET-STAT3, ErbB3 | Suppression | [144,145,146] |