Table 2.

This table lists some miRNAs, their experimentally validated targets, and their clinical significance in lung cancer. MiRNAs upregulating (↑) in lung carcinoma (tumor enhancer miRNAs) regulate tumor suppressor genes.

miRNAs Expression (Lung Carcinoma)	Effect on Lung Carcinoma	Type of miRNA	Experimentally Validated Targets	Clinical Significance	References
miR-21 ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	RECK, NFIB, TIMP3, TPM1, STAT3, Spry1, Spry2, Btg2, and Pdcd4	Promotes cell proliferation, metastasis and discourages apoptosis	[60,61,62,63]
miR-205-5p	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	TP53INP1	Promotes proliferation and metastasis of lung cancer cells	[167]
miR-9-5p	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	STARD13	Promotes the progression of lung adenocarcinoma cell malignancy	[168]
miR-221 ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	P27kip1, TIMP3, PUMA, PTEN,	Promotes TRAIL resistance	[92,93]
miR-17-92 ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	PTEN, RB1, P53, IRF2 SPRY4	Promotes proliferation and metastasis and linked with short survival	[101,102,112]
miR-95 ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Bcl-2,	Sensitises tumor tissue to radiotherapy, enhances apoptosis, and decreases proliferation	[169,170]
miR-19a ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	c-MET, PP2A, BIM, E-cadherin, ZO-1, and α-catenin	Promotes gefitinib-resistance in NSCLC cells and is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients	[107,108,109]
miR-18a ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	IRF2	Associated with shorter survival and poor therapeutic response	[111,112,113]
miR-150 ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	FOXO4	Associated with metastatic malignant lung cells and tissues	[171]
miR-619-5p	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	RCAN1.4	Promotes tumor angiogenesis and metastasis	[172]
miR-135b ↑	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	LZTS1, LATS1, MOB-1A, Dbf2, βTrCP	The combined expression of LZTS1, TAZ, and miR-135b predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients.	[171]
miRNA-182	Enhancement	Tumor enhancer	FOXO3	Promotes tumor proliferation, chemo- and radioresistance	[173]