Table 2.
Comparison of mean intakes of individual food groups and their associations with control and NAFLD groups.
| CONTROL (n = 973) Adjusted Mean Intake g/kg/day (±SD) |
NAFLD (n = 993) Adjusted Mean Intake g/kg/day (±SD) |
|
|---|---|---|
| FOOD GROUP LEVEL-1 | ||
| Cereals and Millets | 5.34 (±1.68) | 6.16 * (±1.98) |
| Condiments and Spices | 0.37 (±0.18) | 0.33 * (±0.17) |
| Fats and Edible Oils | 0.32 (±0.14) | 1.48 * (±1.13) |
| Fruits | 1.15 (±1.07) | 1.13 (±1.12) |
| Meat, Fish, and Poultry | 1.96 (±1.37) | 2.20 * (±1.48) |
| Milk and Milk Products | 2.55 (±1.56) | 2.33 * (±1.46) |
| Nuts and Oil Seeds | 1.24 (±0.50) | 1.21 * (±0.32) |
| Pulses and Legumes | 0.74 (±0.33) | 0.70 * (±0.36) |
| Sugars | 0.5 (±0.35) | 0.62 * (±0.40) |
| Vegetables | 3.48 (±1.66) | 3.24 * (±1.51) |
| FOOD GROUP LEVEL-2 | ||
| Refined Rice | 4.61 (±1.68) | 5.48 * (±1.97) |
| Refined Wheat | 0.14 (±0.10) | 0.13 * (±0.11) |
| Wholegrain Rice | 0.002 (±0.00) | 0.001 (±0.00) |
| Wholegrain Wheat | 0.56 (±0.64) | 0.5 (±0.59) |
| Wholegrains | 0.02 (±0.03) | 0.021 (±0.04) |
| Dried Condiments and Spices | 0.32 (±0.17) | 0.29 * (±0.15) |
| Fresh Condiments and Spices | 0.051 (±0.02) | 0.04 * (±0.02) |
| Animal Fats | 0.008 (±0.01) | 0.01 (±0.01) |
| Refined Plant Fat | 0.22 (±0.12) | 0.21 (±0.11) |
| Unrefined Plant Fat | 0.1 (±0.056) | 0.09 * (±0.05) |
| Dried Fruits | 0.02 (±0.026) | 0.01 * (±0.02) |
| Fresh Fruits | 1.13 (±1.06) | 1.11 (±1.12) |
| Eggs and Egg Products | 0.15 (±0.13) | 0.13 * (±0.13) |
| Non-Oily Fish | 0.03 (±0.039) | 0.02 * (±0.04) |
| Oily Fish | 1.72 (±1.38) | 1.52 * (±0.23) |
| Shellfish | 0.006 (±0.054) | 0.008 (±1.24) |
| Red Meat | 0.08 (±0.12) | 0.11 * (±0.011) |
| White Meat | 0.19 (±0.23) | 0.21 (±0.20) |
| Dried Milk and Milk Products | 0.009 (±0.015) | 0.006 * (±0.01) |
| Fresh Milk and Milk Products | 2.54 (±1.56) | 2.33 * (±1.45) |
| Nuts | 1.22 (±0.49) | 1.10 * (±0.42) |
| Oily Seeds | 0.01 (±0.008) | 0.02 (±0.011) |
| Dried Pulses and Legumes | 0.58 (±0.33) | 0.56 (±0.30) |
| Fresh Pulses and Legumes | 0.16 (±0.15) | 0.14 (±0.12) |
| Refined Sugars | 0.48 (±0.34) | 0.59 * (±0.39) |
| Unrefined Sugars | 0.02 (±0.027) | 0.02 (±0.027) |
| Leafy Vegetables | 0.27 (±0.25) | 0.24 (±0.21) |
| Other Vegetables | 1.83 (±0.93) | 1.70 * (±0.87) |
| Roots and Tubers | 1.38 (±0.75) | 1.29 * (±0.68) |
| FOOD GROUP LEVEL-3 | ||
| Baked | 0.08 (±0.12) | 0.07 (±0.10) |
| Boiled | 8.38 (±2.64) | 7.26 * (±2.37) |
| Fried | 0.77 (±0.50) | 0.79 * (±0.53) |
| Roasted | 1.25 (±0.67) | 1.35 * (±0.73) |
| Sauteed | 5.04 (±2.18) | 4.59 (±1.97) |
| Steamed | 1.36 (±0.75) | 1.27 * (±0.68) |
| Juice | 0.09 (±0.11) | 0.1 (±0.11) |
| Uncooked | 1.78 (±1.53) | 1.67 * (±1.47) |
* p < 0.05 compared to controls.