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. 2022 Jul 19;23(14):7933. doi: 10.3390/ijms23147933

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Early continuous Gβγ-GRK2 inhibition attenuates synovitis in early-stage PTOA. (A) Schematic representation of timeline of drug treatment after sham (n = 5) or DMM surgeries. Two days before surgery, mice started receiving daily intraperitoneal injections of vehicle (V; n = 10), gallein (G; 10 mg/kg per day, n = 10), paroxetine (Px; 5 mg/kg per day, n = 7), fluoxetine (Fx; 5 mg/kg per day, n = 9), or indomethacin (Indo; 2.5 mg/kg per day, n = 9). All mice were euthanized 1 week after surgery. Green arrows denote the duration of treatment. (B) Representative images of Safranin-O/Fast Green staining of the anterior femoral synovial region of mouse knee sections 1 week after DMM or sham surgery; scale bar, 50 µm. (C) Magnified images of regions indicated in red boxes in (B); scale bar, 10 µm. Yellow double-headed arrows depict synovial lining thickness, and red arrows indicate synovial inflammatory cells. (D) Quantification of anterior femoral synovial membrane thickness. Representative IF staining images showing (E) VCAM1 (red) and (G) GRK2 (green) in the anterior femoral synovium. DAPI (blue) stains nuclei; scale bar, 50 µm. Quantification of the percentage of positive cells expressing (F) VCAM1 and (H) GRK2. n = 5 per group; *** p < 0.001 and **** p < 0.0001 vs. DMM + V group using one-way ANOVA. Values are expressed as means ± SEM.