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. 2022 Jul 13;27(14):4491. doi: 10.3390/molecules27144491

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Bacterial targets of flavonoids. Cell membrane: efflux pump (1), membrane disruption (2), electron transport chain (3), ATP synthesis (4); bacterial metalloenzymes (5); fatty acid synthesis (FabG, FabZ, FabI) (6); cell wall synthesis (7): peptidoglycan, D-alanine–D-alanine ligase; protein synthesis (8): (cell envelope); nonspecific mechanism: bacterial toxic virulence factors (9), quorum sensing system (10), biofilm formation (disruption) (11), motility (12); folic acid metabolism: dihydrofolate reductase (13); nucleic acid synthesis (14): DNA gyrase, topoisomerases I and IV, helicase, DNA intercalation.