2D	Two-dimensional
3D	Three-dimensional
5-HETE	5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid
A-357	Human skin melanoma cells
A498	Human renal carcinoma cells
A549	Human lung adenocarcinoma cells
AChE	Acetylcholinesterase
ADP	Adenosine diphosphate
Ag	Silver
AgNO3	Silver nitrate
AIM2	Absent in melanoma 2
Al2O3	Aluminum oxide
AlOOH	Boehmite
ALP	Alkaline phosphatase
ALT	Alanine aminotransferas
AMP	Adenosine monophosphate
AMPK	5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
AP-1	Activator protein-1
Apaf-1	Apoptotic protease-activating factor-1
AS160	160 kDa Akt substrate
ASM	Airway smooth muscle cells
AST	Aspartate aminotransferase
ATP	Adenosine triphosphate
Au	Gold
Bak	Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer
Bax	Bcl-2 associated X protein
Bcl-2	B cell lymphoma-2
BMDMs	Bone marrow-derived macrophages
Ca2+	Calcium
Ca2+-ATPase	Calcium ATPase
Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase	Calcium-magnesium ATPase
CaF2	Calcium fluoride
CaMKKβ	Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β
Cas9	CRISPR-associated protein 9
CAT	Catalase
CcO	Cytochrome c oxidase
CD	Circular dichroism
Cd	Cadmium
Ce	Cerium
CeO2	Cerium dioxide
CGCs	Cerebellar granule cells
CICR	Calcium induced calcium release
COVID-19	Coronavirus disease 2019
COX-2	Cyclooxygenase-2
Cr	Chromium
CRISPR	Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats
CRL-2404	Human epidermal keratinocytes
Cu	Copper
CuO	Copper oxide
Cu-Zn-SOD	Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase
CXCL8	C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8
CYP450	Cytochrome P450
Cyt c	Cytochrome c
DAMPs	Damage-associated molecular patterns
dATP	Deoxyadenosine triphosphate
DEHP	Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
DLS	Dynamic light scattering
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DPP-4	Dipeptidyl peptidase-4
Drp1	Dynamin-related protein 1
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ERK1/2	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1 and 2
ETC	Electron transport chain
F10	Melanoma cells
FAD	Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FADH2	Reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide
Fe	Iron
Fe-SOD	Iron superoxide dismutase
Fis1	Fission protein 1
FMN	Flavin mononucleotide
FT-IR	Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
GGT	Gamma-glutamyl transferase
GLUT	Glucose transporter
GPx	Glutathione peroxidase
GPx1	Glutathione peroxidase 1
GPx3	Glutathione peroxidase 3
GR	Glutathione reductase
GSH	Glutathione
GSK-3β	Glycogen synthase kinase-3β
GSSG	Glutathione disulfide
GST	Glutathione S-transferase
H2O	water
H2O2	Hydrogen peroxide
H9	Human embryonic stem cells
HaCaT	Human epidermal keratinocyte cells
HAECs	Human aortic endothelial cells
Hb	Hemoglobin
HCT116	Human colon carcinoma cells
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HeLa	Human cervical carcinoma cells
HEK293T	Human embryonic kidney 293T
HepG2	Human hepatoma cells
hFOB1.19	Human osteoblast cell line
Hg	Mercury
HL-60	Human promyelocytic leukemia cells
HO-1	Heme oxygenase-1
HPAECs	Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells
HSC-3	Human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
HT22	Murine hippocampal neuronal cells
HT-29	Colon cancer cells
Huh7	Human hepatoma cells
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IAPs	Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IFN-γ	Interferon gamma
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
IGF-1R	Type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor
IGFBP-3	Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
IgG	Immunoglobulin G
iGluRs	Ionotropic glutamate receptors
IL	Interleukin
iNOS	Inducible nitric oxide synthase
IP3	Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
iPSCs	Human induced pluripotent stem cells
IRR	Orphan insulin receptor-related receptor
IRS	Insulin receptor substrate
J774	Mouse macrophage cells
JAK-STAT	Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
K562	Human chronic myeloid leukemia cells
Keap1	Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
KLF2	Kruppel-like factor 2
KLH	Keyhole limpet hemocyanin
LKB1	Liver kinase B1
LoVo	Human colon carcinoma cells
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide
Mac-1	Macrophage-1 antigen
MAMs	Mitochondria-associated ER membranes
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCF-7	Breast adenocarcinoma cells
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
MD	Molecular dynamics
MEF	Murine embryonic fibroblast
Mfn1	Mitofusions 1
Mfn2	Mitofusions 2
MgO	Magnesium oxide
MLCK	Myosin light chain kinase
Mn	Manganese
Mn-SOD	Manganese superoxide dismutase
mRNA	Messenger ribonucleic acid
mTOR	Mammalian target of rapamycin
MT	Metallothionein
MTT	3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetraxolium bromide
NADH	Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
Na+/K+-ATPase	Sodium-potassium ATPase
NB41A3	Neuroblastoma cells
NCI-H292	Human airway epithelial cells
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
Ni	Nickel
NiO	Nickel oxide
Ni-SOD	Nickel superoxide dismutase
NLRC4	NLR family CARD domain containing 4
NLRP1	Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine rich repeat and pyrin domain containing 1
NMDA	N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
NMRI	Naval medical research institute
nNOS	Neuronal nitric oxide synthase
●NO	Nitric oxide
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
NOSII	Nitric oxide synthase II
NOSIII	Nitric oxide synthase III
NPs	Nanoparticles
NQO1	NADPH quinone dehydrogenase 1
NR1	NMDA receptor 1
Nrf2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NSCLC	Non-small-cell lung cancer cells
O2	Oxygen
O2−	Superoxide
ONOO−	Peroxynitrite
Opa1	Optic atrophy 1
OPG	Osteoprotegerin
PAK	p21-activated kinase
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
PANC-1	Pancreatic carcinoma cells
PASMCs	Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
Pb	Lead
PBMCs	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PC12	Pheochromocytoma cells
PC3	Prostate carcinoma cells
PDI	Protein disulfide isomerase
PDI-3	Protein disulfide isomerase-3
p-Drp1	Phosphorylated dynamin-related protein 1
PEG	Polyethylene glycol
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PI3K	Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PKB	Protein kinase B
PLA	Polylactic acid
PLGA	Poly(lactice-co-glycolide)
PMF	Proton motive force
PRDX	Peroxiredoxin
PRR	Pattern recognition receptor
Pt	Platinum
PTEN	Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten
PVA	Polyvinyl alcohol
RANKL	Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand
RAW 264.7	Murine macrophages
RIN-5F	Pancreatic cells
RNS	Reactive nitrogen species
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RR spectroscopy	Resonance Raman spectroscopy
SAOS2	Human bone osteosarcoma cells
Se	Selenium
SEIRAS	Surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman scattering
SGLT2	Sodium-dependent glucose transporter 2
SH	Sulfhydryl
SH-SY5Y	Human neuroblastoma cells
Si	Silica
SiO2	Silicon dioxide
SIRT1	Silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1
Smac	Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase
SOD	Superoxide dismutase
SR-AI	Membrane type I class A scavenger receptor
SREBP-1c	Sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c
SV40	Simian virus 40
SVEC4-10	mouse endothelial cells
TEM	Transmission electron microscopy
TGF-β	Transforming growth factor-beta
THP-1	Tohoku Hospital Pediatrics-1 cells
TiO2	Titanium dioxide
TLR	Toll-like receptor
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor alpha
TRAIL	Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
TRPV	Transient receptor potential vanilloid channels
TRX	Thioredoxin
TRX1	Thioredoxin-1
TRX2	Thioredoxin-2
TXNIP	Thioredoxin interacting protein
U2OS	Human bone osteosarcoma cells
U87	Human astrocytoma cells
UV–vis	Ultraviolet–visible
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
WI-38	Human lung fibroblast cells
WST-1	2-(4-Iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4-disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium
ZIP	Zinc-regulated, Iron-regulated transporter-like Protein
Zn	Zinc
ZnCL2	Zinc chloride
ZnFe2O4	Spinel zinc ferrite
ZnO	Zinc oxide
ZnT	Zinc Transporter
ZVFe	Zero valent iron