Table 2.

Nanoparticle effects on oxidative stress and stress response pathways.

Type of Nanoparticle	Experimental Model	Protein(s) Affected	Main Findings	References
Ag	n/a	CAT and SOD	Conformational changes to CAT resulting in loss of catalytic activity, but minimal effects to SOD shape and activity	[69]
Ag	HaCaT and A549	Thioredoxin reductase	Decreased expression of selenoproteins	[70]
Ag and Ag+	HepG2 and human hepatocytes	PRDXs, GST, myosin, elongation fac-tor 1, 60S ribosomal protein, and 40S ribosomal protein	Direct binding	[71]
CdTe quantum dots	n/a	GPx3	Direct binding through Van der Waals’ forces and hydrogen bonding, resulting in structural changes with increased alpha helical content	[72]
CdTe quantum dots	n/a	GPx3	Interactions with glutamate 136, phenylalanine 132, proline 130, and valine 129 in the GPx3 active site	[73]
4Cu and CuO	RAW264.7	PRDX1, PRDX2, PRDX3, and PRDX6	Increased protein levels of the oxidized form of PRDX1 and the native form of PRDX6, with no change in the levels of PRDX2 and PRDX3	[74]
r/aTiO2, rTiO2 silica-coated, rTiO2 alumina-coated, aTiO2, and mwCNT	Human lung epithelial cells and human monocyte-derived macrophages	PRDXs	Association of the nanoparticles with PRDXs	[75]
Selenium-Lovastatin	Female albino rats	Se-dependent GPx	Increased enzyme activity	[76]
TiO2	n/a	CAT and SOD	Conformational and functional changes with an increase in alpha helical content and increased exposure of hydrophobic regions	[77]
Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Fe3+, Cu2+, Al3+	n/a	Human erythrocyte GR	Competitively inhibited by Pb2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, Fe3+; and non-competitively inhibited by Cu2+ and Al3+	[78]
ZnO	Male C57BL/6 mouse liver	PDI-3	Increased PDI-3 gene expression	[79]
ZVFe	Human lymphocytes	Hb	Heme displacement and degradation, and induction of protein carbonylation	[80]