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. 2022 Jul 19;23(14):7962. doi: 10.3390/ijms23147962

Table 6.

Summary Table of effects of nanoparticles on insulin, calcium, and nitric oxide signaling pathways.

Signaling Pathway Type of Nanoparticle Experimental Model Main Findings References
Insulin Ag Male Sprague Dawley rats Increased levels of IRS-1, Akt, GSK3β [288]
Ag Male albino rats Reduction of blood glucose, and increase in serum insulin, glucokinase activity, expression of insulin, insulin receptor, GLUT-2 and glucokinase genes [277]
Au RIN-5F cells Increased insulin secretion, decreased apoptosis, and increased gene and protein expression of IRS-1, GLUT2, and the insulin receptor [284]
Gadofullerene (functionalized with β-alanine) Diabetic mice Activated IRS2/PI3K/Akt signalling pathway, normalized blood sugar levels [154]
Ni Rat testicular Sertoli-germ cells Upregulation of the gene and protein expression of IGFBP-3 [272]
Platinum HepG2 cells Increased activation of Akt [26]
Se Diabetic male Wistar rats Normalized fasting blood glucose level, reduction of insulin level, normalized levels of phosphorylated: IRS-1, Akt, GSK-3β, and AMPK [155]
Superparamagnetic iron oxide Diabetic male Wistar rats Normalized fasting blood glucose levels, reduction of insulin level, increased levels of P13K and GSK-3β resulting in increased glucose uptake and decreased insulin resistance [275]
TiO2 Male CD-1 mice Increase in blood glucose level, increased IRS-1 phosphorylation, and decreased phosphorylation of Akt [289]
ZnO Male Sprague-Dawley rats Decreased serum level of IGF-1 [270]
ZnO Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats Normalized fasting blood glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance score levels, and improved diabetic vascular complications [286,287]
ZnO Male albino rats Reduction of blood glucose, and increase in serum insulin, glucokinase activity, expression of insulin, insulin receptor, GLUT-2 and glucokinase genes [39]
ZnO Obese C57BL/6 mice Decreased insulin resistance [279]
Calcium Ag SH-SY5Y Induced release of calcium from ER [295]
Ag SH-SY5Y, Sprague-Dawley rats Increased intracellular calcium level, activation of CaMKKβ and AMPK [298]
Ag Zebrafish embryos Downregulation of calcium signaling [301]
Ag Rat CGCs Increased intracellular calcium level [296]
Ag Human embryonic stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons Decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunits [305]
Ag Male Wistar rats Increased gene expression of NMDA receptor subunits NR1, NR2A, and NR2B in the brain tissue [306]
Carbon PASMCs Increased intracellular calcium level [297]
Carbon black Human pulmonary artery endothelial cells Increased intracellular calcium level [49]
CuO RCC Increased intracellular calcium level [299]
NiO BEAS-2B cells Increased intracellular calcium level [300]
MgO Male Wistar rats Decreased level of glutamate, increased gene expression of NMDA subunit NR2B in the hippocampus [303]
Si HUVECs Increased intracellular calcium level, decreased activity of Ca2+-ATPase, Ca2+/Mg2+-ATPase, and Na+/K+-ATPase [347]
SiO2 PASMCs Increased intracellular calcium level [52]
TiO2 PASMCs Increased intracellular calcium level [52]
Nitric Oxide Ag Rat smooth muscle tracheal rings Increased iNOS protein expression, ●NO production, activation of muscarinic receptors [310]
Ag ASM cells from male Wistar rats Increased iNOS expression, ●NO production, and activation of muscarinic receptors [311]
Ag SVEC4-10 mouse endothelial cells and hFOB 1.19 cells Increased iNOS expression and ●NO production [313,348]
Ag Human embryonic stem cell-derived glutamatergic neurons Increased iNOS and nNOS expression [305]
Ag Chicken sertoli cells Increased gene expression of iNOS and eNOS [314]
Ag LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells Decreased ●NO and iNOS expression [168]
Ag Isolated perfused hearts from rats Increased ROS, decreased ●NO production, decreased iNOS and eNOS expression, but increased expression of phosphorylated eNOS [315]
Ag C57BL/6J male mice fed high-fat Western diet Decreased iNOS gene expression [317]
Au RAW 264.7 cells Decreased ●NO and iNOS expression [150,168,218,318]
Au Mouse BV-2 microglial cells Decreased ●NO and iNOS expression [160]
Au Rhesus macaque choroid-retinal endothelial RF/6A cells Decreased VEGF-induced eNOS phosphorylation [312]
Carbon Aluminum-induced Alzheimer’s male albino Wistar rats Normalized iNOS expression [334]
Carbon (graphene QDs) HepG2 cells Decreased ●NO production [335]
Carbon (multi-walled nanotubes) RAW 264.7 cells Increased iNOS expression [342]
Chitosan Male albino Wistar rats induced with carcinoma Normalized ●NO level [344]
Se (capped with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides) LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells Normalized ●NO level [156]
CeO2 Male Sprague Dawley rats with LPS-induced sepsis and Kupffer cell macrophages Decreased iNOS gene and protein expression and ●NO production [36,213]
CeO2 Male Sprague Dawley rats Decreased ●NO production [35]
Cu Wistar albino rats with induced myocardial infarction Normalized serum ●NO level [331]
Cu Male Sprague-Dawley rats Increased levels of ROS, iNOS, and ●NO in the liver tissue [332]
Cu LPS-induced primary macrophages from C57BL/6 mice Normalized ●NO level [333]
Cu LPS-induced primary mouse macrophages Normalized ●NO level [74]
Hydroxyapatite HUVECs Decreased ●NO production and phosphorylated eNOS expression [345]
MnO2 Cytokine-challenged cartilage explants Decreased ●NO level [343]
Propylene glycol alginate sodium sulfite Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats Inhibited diabetes-induced decrease in NOS activity and ●NO level [346]
Pt LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells Decreased ●NO and iNOS expression [327,349]
Pt THP-1 cells Increased ●NO level [25]
TiO2 nanotubes HUVECs Downregulation of eNOS transcription factors (KLF2 and KLF4), and decreased ●NO level, resulting in decreased eNOS expression [325]
Si Male Wistar rats Increased ●NO level in the liver and kidneys [338]
Si HUVECs Increased ●NO levels, increased iNOS expression, and decreased eNOS expression [339]
Si HUVECs Decreased ●NO level, decreased expression of total NOS and eNOS, and increased iNOS expression [340]
Superparamagnetic FeO LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells Increased ●NO level [117]
Superparamagnetic FeO RAW 264.7 cells Decreased iNOS expression [336,337]
ZnO LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells Normalized iNOS expression and ●NO production [326]
ZnO Streptozotocin-induced diabetic male albino rats Normalized iNOS expression and ●NO production [287]
ZnO Bacterial infection with nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae infected RAW 264.7 cells and C57BL/6 mice Normalized iNOS expression and ●NO production [350]
ZnO Human coronary artery endothelial cells Increased iNOS and ●NO levels [328]
ZnO BALB/c mice macrophages Increased iNOS and ●NO levels [101]
ZnO THP-1 cells Increased iNOS and ●NO levels [137]
ZnFe2O4 Human amnion epithelial cells Increased iNOS expression [330]