Table 2.
Included studies that explored microbiota and orthodontics.
| Authors | Type of Study | Object | Study Design and Timeline | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shokeen, 2021 [42] | Longitudinal study | Study bacterial shift in aligner orthodontic therapy | Microbiome analysis of supragingival plaque (16S rRNA) collected from 12 subjects at baseline and at 1, 3, 6, and 12-months after. | Orthodontic therapy is a stressor for oral environment. Clear aligner showed improved oral health condition |
| Padala RG, 2019 [83] | Randomized clinical trial, split-mouth | Impact of fluoride in elastomeric appliances to control Streptococcus mutans in orthodontic subjects | 30 subjects, with 2 experimental periods of 3 weeks and a 3-week. Fluoridated elastics vs. non-fluoridated ones. | Fluoridated elastics were effective to decrease the Streptococcus mutans level in dental plaque. |
| Beerens MW, 2017 [79] | Cross-sectional study | Study caries risk assessment in orthodontic subjects | Dental plaque before debracketing and white spot lesions identified after debracketing. Microbiological analysis of the aciduric flora (Strept. mutans, Lactobacillus and Candida a.) | No significant differences between groups |
| Shimpo, 2022 [44] | Randomized control trial | Study the effectiveness of disinfection treatment, with the use of fluoride | White spot lesions identified by quantitative light-induced fluorescence, and bacteria by bacterial culture | Disinfection with PMTC and fluoride, shows efficacy in caries, when used on the tooth surface |
| Reichardt, 2019 [80] | Pilot study | Study qualitative and quantitative bacterial shift after insertion of orthodontic devices | Total 10 patients (12–15 years old). Microbiological samples at T0 and 1 week after at premolars and molars of the right upper side. Microbial evaluations by mass spectrometry | The orthodontic therapy leads to important shift in the oral bacteria, with gingivitis and raised risk of decay |
| Gujar, 2019 [82] | Clinical trial | Quantify orange and red bacteria in subjects with orthodontic aligners therapy, fixed labial, and lingual appliances | Total 60 patients, 20 treated with aligners, 20 with labial fixed appliances, and 20 with lingual fixed appliances. After a month brackets and aligners removed and DNA-DNA hybridization | After 1 month: bacterial contamination was major on brackets than aligners; in lingual fixed appliances was major than in labial-fixed appliances. |
| Ko-Adams, 2020 [81] | Clinical trial | In early orthodontic patients study the Streptococcus Mutans level, aerobic and facultative anaerobe bacterial PC quantitative | Plaque samples to evaluate the amount of Streptococcus Mutans and PCs from 17 patients after 1 month. | Statistically significant reduction in Streptococcus Mutans but not in PCs, and is highly variable across individuals |
| Ali, 022 [78] | Double-blind, randomized clinical trial study | Study the effectiveness of nano-silver, chlorhexidine, or fluoride mouthwashes on white spot lesions | Clinical examination of white spot lesions in 42 patients; 3 groups made to divide the type of brushing during the orthodontic therapy | Statistically significant discrepancies through the 3 groups. White spot lesions in the nanosilver group are lower than CHX and fluoride group |