Table 3.

Included studies that examined remineralization. [CPP-ACP: Casein phosphopeptides-amorphous calcium phosphate; CHX: Chlorexidine; WLSs: white spot lesions].

Authors	Type of Study	Object	Study Design and Timeline	Results
Yu-Rin Kim et al. [85]	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial	Dental plaque pH variations after Glycyrrhiza Uralensis mouthwash.	Total of 60 patients, (30 case group and 30 control group), treated with placebo mouthwash. Mouthwash administered one time a day/5 days.	Glycyrrhiza Uralensis mouthwash is useful to prevent dental caries.
Bob T. et al. [84]	Blinded crossover study	Effect of nitrate on reduction of oral pH by sugar fermentation	Total 12 subjects subjected to nitrate-rich supplement dissolved in mineral water and a nitrate-poor placebo dissolved in mineral water vs. placebo.	pH buffering effect of nitrate when sugars were fermented in vivo due to lactate usage by nitrate reducing bacteria, including Rothia and Neisseria.
Anie Apriani et al. [48]	Perspective study	Casein CPP-ACP and fluoride varnish effect on saliva pH and caries activity	60 children patients, 30 patients were treated with casein CPP-ACP and 30 patients with fluoride varnish	No statistical differences were found between the two groups.
Rahul G. Padala et al. [86]	Perspective case-control study	to verify the impact of Fluoride-releasing elastic modules on Streptococcus Mutans in oral cavity	Fluoride-releasing elastic modules were placed on brackets 12-11-33 and fluoride-free elastic modules were positioned on brackets 21-22-43 in 30 orthodontic patients. During each appointment, they were analyzed and replaced.	It was reported a considerable reduction was demonstrated (p < 0.001) of S. mutans count on Fluoride-releasing modules compared to non-fluoridates ones.
M.M. Nascimento et al. [87]	Randomized double-blind clinical trial	to evaluate the trend of plaque metabolic profile using arginine and fluoride.	83 patients’ plaque data were selected on tooth surfaces with and without caries. Taxonomic profiles and analyses on plaque metabolism, arginine catabolism, and acidogenicity were performed.	Biofilm pH homeostasis is improved due to Arginine metabolism. Fluoride improves resistance of enamel and dentine to acidic pH.
Xin Zheng et al. [88]	Clinical Trial	to evaluate Fluoride and Arginine toothpaste impact on oral microbiome.	42 patients divided in 2 groups had to clean their teeth 2 times a day for 3 minutes with and without Fluoride and Arginine toothpaste in 1 month.	Fluoride and arginine work together to maintain an oral microbial balance and prevent dental cavities.
Mine Koruyuc al. [89]	Randomized Clinical Trial	Non-fluoride toothpastes were compared to fluoride toothpastes about clinical, antibacterial, and microbiological effects.	80 patients, aged from 3 to 12 years old, were randomly assigned to four groups and evaluated for 1 month. 2 groups used fluoride toothpaste and 2 groups used non-fluoride toothpaste. These groups were analyzed with statistical analysis	Streptococci Mutans levels decreased statistically significantly (p 0.05) in the I, II and III groups during one month; but no considerable variations were found between two groups
Azheen Ali et al. [78]	Randomized double-blind clinical trial	to examine the effect of nano-silver CHX or fluoride mouthwashes on WSLs during orthodontic treatment.	42 patients were separated into three groups (14 patients each) based on the mouthwash (nano-silver, CHX, or fluoride), with 3 months and 6 months of follow-up	WSLs in the nanosilver group is evidently less relevant than in the CHX and fluoride group.