Table 1.
Parkinson’s disease without COVID-19 leads to CVD.
| SN | Citations | PS | ME | Relation * | Outcome | Treatment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Huang et al. [83] (2015) | 156 | LBBM | Plasma cholesterol risk in PD | Total high cholesterol levels have been linked to a lower risk of developing Parkinson’s disease, but statin use has been linked to an increased risk. | Statins |
| 2 | Yan et al. [72] (2019) | 68 | LBBM | Carotid plaque in PD | As Parkinson’s disease advances, the thickness of carotid plaques rises. | NR |
| 3 | Potashkin et al. [83] (2020) | 47 | LBBM | CVD and PD | Both CV and PD share inflammation, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress. Moderate coffee consumption and physical activity reduce the risk of heart disease and PD. | NR |
| 4 | Park et al. [35] (2020) | NR | Population-based cohort study | PD with risk of CVD | CVD is linked to PD. Patients with PD should be monitored for CVD. | NR |
| 5 | Değirmenci et al. [64] | NR | LBBM | Cardiac effect in PD | Cardiac problems are prevalent among Parkinson’s disease sufferers. | Levodopa, MOBI, COMT, anticholinergic drugs, deep brain simulations |
| 6 | Scorza et al. [84] (2018) | NR | LBBM | Cardiac abnormalities in PD | Cardiomyopathy, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, conduction anomalies, and sudden cardiac arrest are among the symptoms of PD/PS. | NR |
| 7 | Günaydın et al. [85] (2016) | 65 | LBBM | CVD risk in PD under levodopa treatment | PD patients with L-dopa exhibited increased aortic stiffness and impaired diastolic performance. Homocysteine levels may influence diseases. | NR |
| 8 | Fanciulli et al. [86] (2020) | NR | LBBM | Orthostatic hypertension in PD | Orthostatic hypotension causes tachycardia, uncommon falls, disorientation, mental impairment, vision issues, fatigue, and painful shoulders, neck, or low back. They appear when the patient stands up and leave when the patient lies down. | Droxidopa, fludrocortisone, clonidine, transdermal nitroglycerin, nifedipine |
| 9 | Cuenca-Bermejo et al. [87] (2021) | NR | LBBM | Cardiac changes in PD | Cardiac anomalies have been observed in PD individuals who do not have sufficient sympathetic innervation in the heart. Hypotension after a meal is followed by supine hypertension; rising blood pressure variability, decreased heart rate and blood pressure, and chronotropic incompetence is all indications. | NR |
| 10 | Vikdahl et al. [88] (2015) | 147 | LBBM | CVD risk in PD | Exercise may be beneficial in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease in some people. High levels of blood cholesterol, tobacco smoking, and a high BMI have all been associated with the progression of PD. | NR |
* SN: serial number, PS: patient size, ME: method of evaluation, Relation: effect of PD on stroke, NR: not reported, SSR: sympathetic skin response, HRV: heart rate variability, OH: orthostatic hypotension, LB: lab-based, MOBI: monoamine oxidase B inhibitors, COMT: catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitors.