Table 2.
Parkinson’s disease leading to stroke without COVID-19.
| SN | Citations | PS | ME | Relation * | Outcome | TRE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Li et al. [112] (2018) | 63 | LBBM | Stroke and CAD in PD | When it comes to reducing the risk for heart disease, exercise may be useful in some cases. It has been discovered that having high amounts of blood cholesterol, smoking cigarettes, and having a high BMI are all connected with the development of PD. | NR |
| 2 | Studer et al. [133] (2017) | 73 | LBBM | Heart-rate variability and skin resonance in PD | Both SSR and HRV tests are effective in detecting ANS failure in PD patients, not only in the later stages but also in the early stages. Patients with PD may benefit from utilizing these tests to rule out autonomic dysfunction. | NR |
| 3 | Liu et al. [134] (2014) | 32 | Self-reporting | Stroke in PD | Since cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases coexist, cerebral infarction is linked to PD. However, even though levodopa raises homocysteine levels, it is the most effective and required symptomatic treatment for many PD patients. | NR |
| 4 | Becker et al. [20] (2009) | NR | LBBM | Risk of stroke in PD | Homocysteine levels that are too high in people who have PD may make them more likely to have a stroke. There has been a link between high levels of homocysteine and a higher likelihood of stroke and heart disease. Vascular disease and dementia, as well as a rise in homocysteine levels in the blood after taking levodopa, are some of the side effects. | NR |
| 5 | Levine et al. [105] (2009) | NR | LBBM | Traumatic brain injury in PD | Patients with neurological problems can benefit from exercise training by feeling less physically and mentally worn out all the time. People with PD who engage in cardiovascular activity report less fatigue as a result of their efforts. | NR |
| 6 | Rickards [135] (2005) | NR | NR | Stroke in PD | Patients with chronic neurological illnesses are more likely than the general population to experience debilitating depressive symptoms. It is unclear what causes them, but they may be multifactorial in some cases. | NR |
| 7 | Mastaglia et al. [136] (2002) | 100 | Self-reporting | Prevalence of stroke in PD | Findings were not directly compared with those of prior investigations of stroke-related mortality and morbidity in the PD group following postmortem examination. | NR |
* SN: serial number, PS: patient size, ME: method of evaluation, Relation: effect of PD on stroke, NR: not reported, SSR: sympathetic skin response, HRV: heart rate variability, OH: orthostatic hypotension, LB: lab-based.