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. 2022 Jul 19;27(14):4601. doi: 10.3390/molecules27144601

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Protopine regulated COX-2 and MMP-9 in PMA-stimulated HepG2 cells. (A) COX-2, confirmed by Western blot, increased expression during the PMA treatment and decreased in a concentration-dependent manner upon the protopine treatment. (B) MMP-9, confirmed by Western blot, increased the expression when treated with PMA, and showed a high inhibition rate when treated with 40 µM of protopine. (C) MMP-9 mRNA levels were determined by RT-PCR analysis. MMP-9 showed the highest inhibition rate even at the mRNA level when treated with 40 µM protopine. Results are presented as the mean ± SD. ## p < 0.01, indicating a significant difference from the control. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, indicating a significant difference from the PMA group. NC, normal control; IND, inducer.