Table 3.
Sociodemographic and environmental factors associated with multidrug resistance in E. Coli isolated from the fecal samples of adults in Dhulikhel municipality in Nepal from September to December 2021 (N = 364).
| Characteristics | Total | MDR | Unadjusted | p Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | (%) $ | PR | (95% CI) | |||
| Total | 364 | 51 | (14.0) | |||
| Age (in years) | ||||||
| 18–29 | 48 | 7 | (14.6) | 1.5 | (0.6–4.0) | 0.435 |
| 30–44 | 131 | 20 | (15.3) | 1.5 | (0.7–3.5) | 0.291 |
| 45–59 | 114 | 17 | (14.9) | 1.5 | (0.7–3.5) | 0.328 |
| ≥60 | 71 | 7 | (9.9) | 1 | ||
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 112 | 17 | (15.2) | 1.1 | (0.7–1.9) | 0.668 |
| Female | 252 | 34 | (13.5) | 1 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||
| Never married | 14 | 1 | (7.1) | 1 | ||
| Currently married/Cohabitating | 317 | 46 | (14.5) | 2.0 | (0.3–13.7) | 0.467 |
| Separated/divorced/Widow | 30 | 4 | (13.3) | 1.9 | (0.2–15.2) | 0.560 |
| Refused to answer | 3 | 0 | (0.0) | - | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| Brahmin | 143 | 16 | (11.2) | 1 | ||
| Chhetri | 44 | 7 | (15.9) | 1.4 | (0.6–3.2) | 0.402 |
| Janajati | 159 | 24 | (15.1) | 1.4 | (0.7–2.4) | 0.321 |
| Dalit | 18 | 4 | (22.2) | 2.0 | (0.7–5.2) | 0.170 |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 283 | 42 | (14.8) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.6) | 0.521 |
| Buddhist | 68 | 8 | (11.8) | 1 | ||
| Others # | 13 | 1 | (7.7) | 0.7 | (0.1–5.0) | 0.676 |
| Education status | ||||||
| No formal education | 205 | 29 | (14.1) | 1.4 | (0.6–3.4) | 0.476 |
| Primary school 1 | 65 | 11 | (16.9) | 1.7 | (0.6–4.5) | 0.317 |
| Secondary school 2 | 49 | 5 | (10.2) | 1 | ||
| Higher secondary and above 3 | 45 | 6 | (13.3) | 1.3 | (0.4–4.0) | 0.639 |
| Occupation status | ||||||
| Agriculture/livestock | 263 | 34 | (12.9) | 1 | ||
| Business | 39 | 6 | (15.4) | 1.2 | (0.5–2.7) | 0.670 |
| Employed * | 14 | 3 | (21.4) | 1.7 | (0.6–4.7) | 0.347 |
| Unemployed | 48 | 8 | (16.7) | 1.3 | (0.6–2.6) | 0.481 |
| Ward | ||||||
| Ward-2 | 266 | 33 | (12.4) | 1 | ||
| Ward-6 | 98 | 18 | (18.4) | 1.5 | (0.9–2.5) | 0.144 |
| Access to sanitary latrine | ||||||
| Yes | 362 | 50 | (13.8) | 1 | ||
| No | 2 | 1 | (50.0) | 3.6 | (0.9–14.9) | 0.074 |
| Presence of livestock close to house | ||||||
| Yes | 287 | 36 | (12.5) | 1 | ||
| No | 77 | 15 | (19.5) | 1.6 | (0.9–2.7) | 1.115 |
| Consume water from open sources | ||||||
| Yes | 3 | 1 | (33.3) | 2.4 | (0.5–12.2) | 0.289 |
| No | 361 | 50 | (13.8) | 1 | ||
* Daily wage/labor, foreign employment, service (govt./private). # Kirat, Muslim, Christian. $ Row percentage. 1—till grade 5, 2—grade 5 to grade 10, 3—above grade 10.