. 2022 Jun 21;20(7):406. doi: 10.3390/md20070406

Table 3.

Antioxidant activity of seagrasses.

Species	Extract/Active Compound	% Inhibition	Assay	References
C. nodosa	Sulfated polysaccharide	OD: 0.3 mm at 1 mg/mL	FRAP	[51]
		82.44% inhibition at 0.5 mg/mL	DPPH	[51]
		82.6% inhibition at 2 mg/mL	ABTS	[51]
C. rotundata	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	70.30%	DPPH	[52]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	53.74%	Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	[52]
	Ethyl acetate extract	50% inhibition at 362.56 ppm	DPPH	[53]
	Methanolic extract	50% inhibition at 214.68 ppm	DPPH	[53]
C. serrulata	Aqueous extract	65.68% inhibition at 100 μg/mL	DPPH	[26]
	Aqueous fraction	53.8% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	41.28%	DPPH	[52]
	Butanol fraction	82.6% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Ethanolic extract	28.423 mg Gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
	Ethanolic extract	61.85%	DPPH	[55]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	89.45% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Petroleum ether fraction	26.75% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Silver nanoparticles	87.99% inhibition at 100 μg/mL	DPPH	[26]
E. acoroides	Aqueous extract	30.68% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	DPPH	[56]
		83.67% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	ABTS	[56]
		44.91% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	SO assay	[56]
		56.64% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	NO assay	[56]
		0.42% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	FRAP	[56]
	Aqueous fraction	15.8% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	35.80%	DPPH	[52]
	Butanol fraction	19.4% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Chloroform extract	32.92% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	DPPH	[56]
		60.52% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	ABTS	[56]
		52.18% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	SO assay	[56]
		22.6% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	NO assay	[56]
		0.21% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	FRAP	[56]
	Ethanolic extract	30% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	DPPH	[56]
		42.93% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	ABTS	[56]
		36.94% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	SO assay	[56]
		39.7% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	NO assay	[56]
		0.17% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	FRAP	[56]
		3.373 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
		24.13%	DPPH	[55]
	Ethyl acetate extract	50% inhibition at 153.4 ppm	DPPH	[53]
		30.72% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	DPPH	[56]
		78.31% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	ABTS	[56]
		44.56% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	SO assay	[56]
		29.33% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	NO assay	[56]
		0.21% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	FRAP	[56]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	80.57% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Hexane extract	26.88% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	DPPH	[56]
		61.43% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	ABTS	[56]
		42.7% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	SO assay	[56]
		25.98% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	NO assay	[56]
		0.21% inhibition at 200 µg/mL	FRAP	[56]
	Methanolic extract	50% inhibition at 115.79 ppm	DPPH	[53]
	Methanolic extract	70.2 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DM	ORAC	[57]
	Petroleum ether fraction	33.75% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
H. beccarii	Aqueous fraction	24.4% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Aqueous fraction of aqueous methanol 1:1 extract	IC₅₀: 31.8 µg/mL	DPPH	[45]
	Butanol fraction	13.9% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	84.56% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Petroleum ether fraction	14.33% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
H. ovalis	Acetone extract	73.55%	DPPH	[58]
	Acetone extract	23.58%	Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity	[58]
	Aqueous fraction	5.2% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Butanol fraction	12.2% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Ethanolic extract	12.042 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	6.68% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Hexane extract	8.20%	DPPH	[58]
	Hexane extract	21.21%	DPPH	[55]
	Methanolic extract	IC₅₀: 0.13 mg/mL	DPPH	[39]
		IC₅₀: 0.65 mg/mL	Superoxide radicals scavenged	[39]
		72.5 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DM	ORAC	[57]
	Petroleum ether fraction	4.77% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
H. ovata	Ethanolic extract	5.856 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
H. ovata	Ethanolic extract	16.93%	DPPH	[55]
H. pinifolia	Acetone extract	66.98%	DPPH	[58]
	Acetone extract	10.63%	NO scavenging activity	[58]
	Aqueous fraction	22.2% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	58.60%	DPPH	[52]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	51.05%	hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	[52]
	Butanol fraction	28.4% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Ethanolic extract	42.611 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
	Ethanolic extract	68.07%	DPPH	[55]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	80.25% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Hexane extract	68.64%	Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity	[58]
	Hexane extract	23.45%	DPPH	[58]
	Methanolic extract	87.81%	DPPH	[58]
		71.49%	Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity	[58]
		97.7 mg Trolox equivalents (TE)/g DM	ORAC	[57]
	Petroleum ether fraction	21.02% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
H. stipulacea	Ethanolic extract	46.289 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
H. stipulacea	Ethanolic extract	67.41%	DPPH	[55]
H. stipulacea (old leaf extract)	EtOH/H₂O (3:1)	85% inhibition at 100 µg/mL	DPPH	[41]
H. stipulacea (young leaf extract)	EtOH/H₂O (3:1)	45% inhibition at 100 µg/mL	DPPH	[41]
S. filiforme	MeOH/H₂O (1:1)	IC₅₀: 0.8 mg/mL	DPPH	[59]
S. isoetifolium	Acetone extract	45.69%	DPPH	[58]
	Acetone extract	49.24%	NO scavenging activity	[58]
	Aqueous fraction	16.2% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	51.56%	DPPH	[52]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	48.42%	Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	[52]
	Butanol fraction	6.2% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Ethanolic extract	26.557 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
	Ethanolic extract	23.68%	DPPH	[55]
	Ethyl acetate	50% inhibition at 96.34 ppm	DPPH	[53]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	6.36% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Hexane extract	15.19%	DPPH	[58]
	Hexane extract	51.49%	NO Scavenging Activity	[58]
	Methanolic extract	83.03%	DPPH	[58]
		50% inhibition at 520.91 ppm	DPPH	[53]
		5.39 mgTE/g	DPPH	[60]
		9.56 mgTE/g	ABTS	[60]
		18.66 mgTE/g	CUPRAC	[60]
		9.53 mgTE/g	FRAP	[60]
		0.33 mmolTE/g	PHPD	[60]
		9.17 mgEDTAE/g	Chelating ability	[60]
	Petroleum ether fraction	10.2% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
T. ciliatum	Catechins	50% inhibition at 3.82 mM	DPPH	[17]
T. ciliatum	Methanolic extract	71% inhibition at 1 mg/mL	DPPH	[17]
T. hemprichii	Aqueous fraction	26.6% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	38.62%	DPPH	[52]
		35.25%	Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity	[52]
	Butanol fraction	84.9% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Ethanolic extract	27.979 mg gallic acid/g	FRAP	[55]
		61.64%	DPPH	[55]
	Ethyl acetate extract	IC₅₀: 25.98 µg/mL	DPPH	[61]
		50% inhibition at 250.72 ppm	DPPH	[53]
	Ethyl acetate fraction	94.34% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
	Hexane extract	IC₅₀: 139.5 µg/mL	DPPH	[61]
	Methanolic extract	50% inhibition at 123.72 ppm	DPPH	[53]
	Petroleum ether fraction	42.67% inhibition at 600 µg/mL	DPPH	[54]
T. testudinum	MeOH/H₂O (1:1)	IC₅₀: 0.8 mg/mL	DPPH	[59]