. 2022 Jun 21;20(7):406. doi: 10.3390/md20070406

Table 4.

Antibacterial activity of seagrass extracts.

Species	Extract Type/Active Compound	Bacteria	Inhibition	References
C. nodosa	Sulfated polysaccharide	E. coli	MIC: 25 mg/mL 20 mm zone inhibition	[51]
		L. monocytogene	MIC: 25 mg/mL 18 mm zone inhibition	[51]
		S. enterica	MIC: 6.25 mg/mL 21.5 mm zone inhibition	[51]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 6.25 mg/mL 18.6 mm zone inhibition	[51]
		B. amyloliquefaciens	MIC: 50 mg/mL 17 mm zone inhibition	[51]
		S. aureus	MIC: 25 mg/mL 23 mm zone inhibition	[51]
		M. luteus	MIC: 6.25 mg/mL 24 mm zone inhibition	[51]
C. rotundata	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	S. dysenteriae	MIC: 68 μg/mL	[90]
		S. boydii	MIC: 68 μg/mL	[90]
		S. paratyphi	MIC: 34 μg/mL	[90]
		Urinary tract infection (UTI) bacteria	MIC: 10 μg/mL MBC: 50 μg/mL	[91]
		E. coli	10 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. mirabilis	12 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		S. saprophyticus	11.6 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		K. pneumonia	11.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. aeruginosa	12.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		E. aerogenes	9.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		Serratia sp.	10 mm zone inhibition	[91]
	Aqueous methanolic extracts	S. dysenteriae	MBC: 68 μg/mL	[90]
	Aqueous methanolic extracts	S. boydii	MBC: 34 μg/mL	[90]
	Butanolic extract	S. aureus	6 mm zone inhibition	[78]
	Ethanolic extract	Shigella	7 mm zone inhibition	[78]
	Ethanolic extract	P. fluorescens	7 mm zone inhibition	[78]
	Methanolic extract	S. aureus	17 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		S. faecalis	13 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		S. enteric	8 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		B. subtilis	14 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		E. coli	15 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		S. boydii	8 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		V. cholera	8 mm zone inhibition	[92]
C. serrulata	Acetone extract	P. aeruginosa	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		H. aquamarina	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		P. agglomerans	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		S. marcescens	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		S. liquefaciens	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. fischeri	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		V. parahaemolyticus	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		S. flexneri	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	S. dysenteriae	MIC: 130 μg/mL	[90]
		S. paratyphi	MIC: 131 μg/mL	[90]
		Urinary tract infection (UTI) bacteria	MIC: 100 μg/mL	[12]
		S. saprophyticus	6 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. aeruginosa	6.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
	Aqueous methanolic extracts	S. dysenteriae	MBC: 130 μg/mL	[90]
	Aqueous methanolic extracts	S. paratyphi	MBC: 130 μg/mL	[90]
	Chloroform extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 850 μg/mL 7 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Chloroform extract	E. coli	MIC: 90 μg/mL 8.66 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Dichloromethane extract	P. aeruginosa	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		H. aquamarina	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		P. agglomerans	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		S. marcescens	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		S. liquefaciens	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		V. fischeri	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. parahaemolyticus	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		S. flexneri	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		A. hydrophila	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
	Ethanolic extract	E. coli	MIC: 90 μg/mL 7.33 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethyl acetate extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 875 μg/mL 8 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethyl acetate extract	E. coli	MIC: 75 μg/mL 9 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Methanolic extract	P. aeruginosa	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		H. aquamarina	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		V. alginolyticus	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		P. agglomerans	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		S. marcescens	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		S. liquefaciens	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. fischeri	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		V. parahaemolyticus	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		S. flexneri	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		A. hydrophila	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
E. acoroides	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	Urinary tract infection (UTI) bacteria	MIC: 25 μg/mL MBC: 100 μg/mL	[91]
		P. mirabilis	9.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		K. pneumonia	8.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. aeruginosa	9.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		E. aerogenes	8.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		Serratia sp.	6.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
	Ethanolic extract	E. coli	MIC: 250 μg/mL	[94]
		S. aureus	MIC: 62.5 μg/mL	[94]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 250 μg/mL	[94]
	Ethanolic extract (leaves)	S. aureus	8.37 mm at 400 ppm	[95]
	Ethanolic extract (roots)	S. aureus	8.63 mm at 400 ppm	[95]
	Ethyl acetate	E. coli	MIC: 31.25 μg/mL	[94]
		S. aureus	MIC: 31.25 μg/mL	[94]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 62.5 μg/mL	[94]
	Hexane extract	S. aureus	MIC: 15.625 μg/mL 5.6 mm zone inhibition at 1000 ppm 5.2 mm zone inhibition at 500 ppm	[89,94]
		S. aureus	19 mm zone inhibition	[96]
		E. coli	MIC: 31.25 μg/mL	[94]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 250 μg/mL	[94]
	Methanolic extract	S. aureus	5.9 mm zone inhibition at 1000 ppm	[89]
		S. aureus	5.2 mm zone inhibition at 500 ppm	[89]
		E. coli	60.86% inhibition at 10 mg/mL	[57]
H. ovalis	Chloroform extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 65 μg/mL 11.66 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Chloroform extract	E. coli	MIC: 225 μg/mL 7.6 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethanolic extract	E. coli	MIC: 90 μg/mL 7 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethyl acetate extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 65 μg/mL 13 mm zone inhibition	[93]
		E. femelis	MIC: 85 μg/mL 7.66 mm zone inhibition	[93]
		E. coli	MIC: 90 μg/mL 7.33 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Hexane extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 50 μg/mL 14.66 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Hexane extract	E. coli	MIC: 435 μg/mL 7 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Methanolic extract	B. cereus	MIC: 50 μg/mL 17.16 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		A. baumannii	MIC: 75 μg/mL 13.83 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		V. vulnificus	MIC: 100 μg/mL 10.36 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		V. parahaemolyticus	MIC: 75 μg/mL 10.16 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		V. anguillarum	MIC: 75 μg/mL 10.16 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		V. fischeri	MIC: 75 μg/mL 10 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		E. coli	MIC: 75 μg/mL 8.53 mm zone inhibition at 200 μg/mL	[39]
		M. luteus	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[39]
H. pinifolia	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	Urinary tract infection (UTI) bacteria	MIC: 1 μg/mL MBC: 25 μg/mL	[91]
		E. coli	12.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. mirabilis	13.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		S. saprophyticus	10.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		K. pneumonia	11.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. aeruginosa	10.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		E. aerogenes	14.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		Serratia sp.	11.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		S. dysenteriae	MIC: 34 μg/mL	[90]
		S. paratyphi	MIC: 509 μg/mL	[90]
		S. boydii	MIC: 510 μg/mL	[90]
	Aqueous methanolic extracts	S. dysenteriae	MBC: 34 μg/mL	[90]
		S. paratyphi	MBC: 510 μg/mL	[90]
		S. boydii	MBC: 510 μg/mL	[90]
	Chloroform extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 55 μg/mL 13.66 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Chloroform extract	E. coli	MIC: 90 μg/mL 8.33 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethanolic extract	E. coli	MIC: 80 μg/mL 8 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethyl acetate extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 35 μg/mL 11 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Ethyl acetate extract	E. coli	MIC: 70 μg/mL 9 mm zone inhibition	[93]
	Hexane extract	Corynebacterium	MIC: 50 μg/mL 14.33 mm zone inhibition	[93]
H. stipulaceae	Aqueous extract	B. subtilis	15 mm zone inhibition	[97]
H. uninervis	Chloroform extract	B. subtilis	17 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		MRSA	18.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		M. luteus	15/67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		S. aureus	13.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		E. coli	16.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		K. pneumoniae	17.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		P. aeruginosa	18.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
	Distilled water	P. aeruginosa	14.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
	Ethanolic extract	B. subtilis	24.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		MRSA	20 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		M. luteus	17.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		S. aureus	15.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		E. coli	17.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		K. pneumoniae	18.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		P. aeruginosa	33.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
	Ethyl acetate extract	B. subtilis	15.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		MRSA	16.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		M. luteus	15 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		S. aureus	12.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		E. coli	15.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		K. pneumoniae	16 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		P. aeruginosa	16.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
	Petroleum ether extract	B. subtilis	15.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		MRSA	16 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		M. luteus	14.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		S. aureus	11.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		E. coli	14.33 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		K. pneumoniae	14.47 mm zone inhibition	[75]
		P. aeruginosa	15.67 mm zone inhibition	[75]
S. filiforme	Chloroform fraction	S. aureus	MIC: 0.7 mg/mL	[34]
		E. coli	MIC: 0.7 mg/mL	[34]
		C. albicans	MIC: 1.5 mg/mL	[34]
		P. aeruginosa	MIC: 1.5 mg/mL	[34]
		S. typhii	MIC: 0.7 mg/mL	[34]
	Ethanolic extract	S. aureus	MIC: 47.7 mg/mL	[34]
		E. coli	MIC: 38.1 mg/mL	[34]
		C. albicans	MIC: 190.5 mg/mL	[34]
S. isoetifolium	Acetone extract	P. aeruginosa	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		H. aquamarina	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		V. alginolyticus	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		S. marcescens	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		S. liquefaciens	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		V. parahaemolyticus	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		S. flexneri	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		A. hydrophila	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	Urinary tract infection (UTI) bacteria	MIC: 50 μg/mL MBC: 100 μg/mL	[91]
		P. mirabilis	8.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		S. saprophyticus	8.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		E. aerogenes	7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
	Ethyl acetate extract	K. pneumoniae	14 mm zone inhibition at 100 μg/mL	[87]
		E. coli	13 mm zone inhibition at 100 μg/mL	[87]
		S. typhii	11 mm zone inhibition at 100 μg/mL	[87]
	Dichlorometahane extract	A. hydrophila	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		P. aeruginosa	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		H. aquamarina	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. alginolyticus	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		P. agglomerans	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		S. marcescens	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		S. liquefaciens	MIC: 50 μg/mL	[88]
		V. fischeri	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		S. flexneri	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
	Methanolic extract	P. aeruginosa	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		H. aquamarina	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. alginolyticus	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		P. agglomerans	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		S. marcescens	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		S. liquefaciens	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. fischeri	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		V. parahaemolyticus	MIC: 25 μg/mL	[88]
		S. flexneri	MIC: 1 μg/mL	[88]
		A. hydrophila	MIC: 10 μg/mL	[88]
		S. aureus	15 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		S. faecalis	10 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		S. enteric	6 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		B. subtilis	10 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		E. coli	8 mm zone inhibition	[92]
		V. cholera	6 mm zone inhibition	[92]
T. hemprichii	Aqueous methanol (1:4)	Urinary tract infection (UTI) bacteria	MIC: 25 μg/mL MBC: 50 μg/mL	[91]
		E. coli	9.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. mirabilis	10.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		S. saprophyticus	9.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		K. pneumonia	11.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		P. aeruginosa	10.6 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		E. aerogenes	9.3 mm zone inhibition	[91]
		Serratia sp.	8.7 mm zone inhibition	[91]
	Ethanolic extract	E. coli	MIC: 500 μg/mL	[94]
		S. aureus	MIC: 125 μg/mL	[94]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 500 μg/mL	[94]
	Ethyl acetate extract	E. coli	MIC: 125 μg/mL	[94]
		S. aureus	MIC: 250 μg/mL	[94]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 125 μg/mL	[94]
	Hexane extract	E. coli	MIC: 62.5 μg/mL	[94]
		S. aureus	MIC: 62.5 μg/mL	[94]
		B. subtilis	MIC: 125 μg/mL	[94]