Table 2.
Univariate (crude OR) and multivariate (adjusted OR) analyses on factors associated with COVID-19 vaccine reluctance and hesitancy to be vaccinated (N = 2109) (95% CI: 95% confidence intervals).
| Characteristics | Crude OR | 95% CI | p-Value | Adjusted OR * | 95 % CI | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.04 | 1.03 | 1.05 | <0.001 | 1.03 | 1.02 | 1.04 | <0.001 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Male | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Female | 0.94 | 0.78 | 1.13 | 0.493 | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.11 | 0.343 |
| Living status | ||||||||
| Live with an older partner | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Live alone | 1.38 | 1.16 | 1.65 | <0.001 | 1.32 | 1.08 | 1.61 | 0.007 |
| Occupational status | ||||||||
| Retirement | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Caring family/full-time/part-time/unemployed | 0.47 | 0.30 | 0.74 | 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.39 | 1.02 | 0.062 |
| Social security support | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes (CSSA or OALA) | 1.22 | 0.99 | 1.49 | 0.057 | 1.00 | 0.81 | 1.25 | 0.978 |
| Number of doctor-diagnosed chronic conditions | ||||||||
| 0–1 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 2–3 | 1.17 | 0.97 | 1.42 | 0.110 | 1.03 | 0.84 | 1.28 | 0.764 |
| >3 | 1.89 | 1.49 | 2.39 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.17 | 2.04 | 0.002 |
| Ever hospital admission over the past 6 months | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes | 1.51 | 1.18 | 1.93 | 0.001 | 1.24 | 0.95 | 1.60 | 0.114 |
| Medical appointment in the next 6 months | ||||||||
| No | Ref | |||||||
| Yes | 1.14 | 0.91 | 1.42 | 0.265 | ||||
| Regular measurement of blood pressure | ||||||||
| No hypertension | Ref | |||||||
| Yes | 1.13 | 0.85 | 1.50 | 0.396 | ||||
| Not measure regularly | 1.28 | 0.93 | 1.74 | 0.126 | ||||
| Regular measurement of blood glucose | ||||||||
| No diabetes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes | 1.21 | 0.97 | 1.51 | 0.091 | 1.08 | 0.85 | 1.39 | 0.521 |
| Not measure regularly | 1.17 | 0.88 | 1.55 | 0.294 | 0.98 | 0.71 | 1.33 | 0.879 |
| Help available when needed | ||||||||
| Yes | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No | 1.24 | 1.01 | 1.53 | 0.038 | 1.13 | 0.90 | 1.42 | 0.279 |
| Number of social media use in the past 2 weeks | ||||||||
| 0 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 1 | 0.62 | 0.50 | 0.76 | <0.001 | 0.69 | 0.55 | 0.86 | 0.001 |
| >1 | 0.39 | 0.29 | 0.52 | <0.001 | 0.48 | 0.36 | 0.65 | <0.001 |
| Self-rated Health status in score | ||||||||
| High (67–100) | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Middle (34–66) | 1.42 | 1.14 | 1.76 | 0.002 | 1.51 | 1.20 | 1.91 | <0.001 |
| Low (0–33) | 1.76 | 1.43 | 2.17 | <0.001 | 1.57 | 1.24 | 1.99 | <0.001 |
| Meaning of life | ||||||||
| High (5–7) | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Middle (3–4) | 1.41 | 1.16 | 1.72 | 0.001 | 1.10 | 0.89 | 1.37 | 0.391 |
| Low (1–2) | 1.62 | 1.02 | 2.57 | 0.039 | 1.08 | 0.65 | 1.79 | 0.771 |
| Missing | 1.43 | 1.11 | 1.84 | 0.005 | 1.34 | 1.02 | 1.77 | 0.036 |
| Loneliness (measured by UCLA-3) | ||||||||
| 0–5 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| ≥6 | 1.44 | 1.14 | 1.81 | 0.002 | 1.11 | 0.85 | 1.46 | 0.433 |
| Memory loss | ||||||||
| No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Yes, but not worry | 1.02 | 0.84 | 1.25 | 0.817 | 0.91 | 0.73 | 1.12 | 0.375 |
| Yes, and worry | 1.44 | 1.10 | 1.89 | 0.009 | 1.08 | 0.80 | 1.46 | 0.620 |
| Depression (measured by PHQ-2) | ||||||||
| 0–2 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| ≥3 | 1.58 | 1.13 | 2.20 | 0.007 | 1.07 | 0.66 | 1.75 | 0.785 |
| Anxiety (measured by GAD-2) | ||||||||
| 0–2 | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| ≥3 | 1.61 | 1.11 | 2.33 | 0.012 | 1.27 | 0.74 | 2.19 | 0.380 |
* Multivariate regression (only variables with p < 0.1 in univariate analysis were included): adjusted for age, sex, living status, occupational status, social security support, number of chronic conditions, hospital admission, regular measurement of blood glucose, help available when needed, number of social medial use, self-rated health status, meaning of life, loneliness, memory loss, depression and anxiety.