Oncology
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PDX 1
Recapitulate the intra- and inter-tumor heterogeneity of human cancer
Suitable for biomarker discovery
Can perform personalized drug screening of individual patient tumors
Can establish large collaborative PDX platforms
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PDX 1
Engraftment-induced molecular divergence from the original tumor
Cannot study metastases in subcutaneous models
Lack of stromal and immune compartments
Variable and unpredictable engraftment rates
High cost, technically challenging
Lack of standardized protocols
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GEMM 2
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GEMM 2
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Brain disorders
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Suitable for studying the side-effects of chronic drug administrations
Suitable for biomarker discovery
Suitable for chimeric models
Development of behavioral assays that can be used to evaluate drug efficacy at the behavioral level
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Lack of biological understanding
Do not fully recapitulate the pathophysiology of human conditions and human phenotypes
Use of young animals is not representative for pathology
Species-to-species differences
Limited in predicting treatment efficacy in human disorders
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