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. 2022 Jul 7;11(14):2136. doi: 10.3390/cells11142136

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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GREM1 expression promotes cell invasion and migration of HCT116 and SW480 cells and ER stress. (A) Overexpression or underexpression of GREM1 was detected by Western blotting. (B) GSEA was performed using our RNA-seq dataset to identify sets of hallmark genes that were positively associated with GREM1 expression. Enrichment plots showed EMT (NES = 2.0395, NP = 0.0000) and UPR (NES = 1.7594, NP = 0.0000). (C) The heatmap showed signature genes involving EMT and UPR. (D,E) Wound healing test and Boyden chambers with Matrigel revealed that GREM1 overexpression promoted HCT116 and SW480 cell migration and invasion. (F–H) Cells were analyzed after harvesting, for protein and mRNA expression. qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis showed expression of mRNA and proteins involved in EMT. (I–K) qRT-PCR and Western blotting results showed the expression of proteins and mRNA that were involved in UPR and ER stress.