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. 2022 Jul 7;11(14):2136. doi: 10.3390/cells11142136

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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GREM1 negatively regulates ATF4 and but positively regulates ATF6 via suppressing BMP and activating the VEGF-PI3K-AKT signaling pathways. (A,B) GSEA of RNA-seq data showed enriched gene sets associated with VEGF/VEGFR2, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and TGFβ signaling pathways annotated in the KEGG by comparing GREM1 overexpression versus negative control CRC cells. (C) Heatmap showing gene expression differences in the pertinent signaling pathways. (D,E) Western blotting analysis revealed the expression of proteins involved in the pertinent signaling pathways.