Table 1.
Baseline outcomes (mean ± SD) of the sample.
| Baseline Variable | Sample (n = 146) | Males (n = 67) | Females (n = 78) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 57.5 ± 11.8 | 60.0 ± 10.3 | 55.2 ± 12.5 |
| Height (m) | 1.67 ± 0.09 | 1.73 ± 0.08 | 1.61 ± 0.06 |
| Weight (kg) | 81.8 ± 17.1 | 86.5 ± 15.6 | 77.8 ± 17.4 |
| Clinical Characteristics | |||
| Pain intensity (NPRS, 0–10) | 5.6 ± 1.7 | 5.2 ± 1.85 | 5.9 ± 1.55 |
| Post-COVID symptoms (months) | 18.8 ± 1.8 | 18.7 ± 2.0 | 18.9 ± 1.7 |
| Sensory-Related Features | |||
| PainDETECT (0–38) | 6.8 ± 6.1 | 5.5 ± 5.5 | 7.9 ± 6.45 |
| S-LANSS (0–24) | 6.9 ± 6.1 | 6.45 ± 5.9 | 7.2 ± 6.25 |
| Central Sensitization Inventory (0–100) | 33.9 ± 17.25 | 25.9 ± 14.3 | 41.05 ± 16.45 |
| Quality of Life | |||
| EuroQol 5-D Questionnaire (0–1) | 0.75 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.75 ± 0.2 |
| Psychological Characteristics | |||
| HADS-A (0–21) | 5.3 ± 4.2 | 4.45 ± 4.05 | 6.1 ± 4.2 |
| HADS-D (0–21) | 5.1 ± 4.3 | 4.4 ± 4.3 | 5.6 ± 4.3 |
| Pittsburgh Sleeping Quality Index (0–21) | 8.1 ± 4.3 | 6.85 ± 4.4 | 9.1 ± 3.9 |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale (0–52) | 12.15 ± 11.95 | 10.3 ± 11.3 | 13.8 ± 12.4 |
| Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (0–44) | 24.1 ± 8.55 | 22.5 ± 8.75 | 25.5 ± 8.25 |
NPRS: Numerical Pain Rate Scale; HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (A: Anxiety; D: Depression); S-LANSS: self-reported version of the Leeds Assessment of Neuropathic Symptoms and Signs.