Table 1.
Studies conducted since 2010 on morphine administered topically.
| First Author, Reference, Year of Publication | The Title of the Study | N | Study Design |
|---|---|---|---|
| Painful skin lesions | |||
| Łapot [16] 2016 |
Topical use of morphine in palliative care patients—a report of two cases | 2 | Description of two cases reporting topical use of morphine |
| Ciałkowska–Rysz [17] 2019 | Topical morphine for treatment of cancer-related painful mucosal and cutaneous lesions: a double–blind, placebo–controlled cross–over clinical trial | 35 | Fourteen day evaluation of analgesic effect of 0.2% hydrogel/ointment on painful mucosal and cutaneous lesions in palliative care patients, with a 28 day follow up |
| Jyothi [18] 2021 | Morphine versus loperamide with intrasite gel in the treatment of painful dermal ulcers: a randomized crossover study | 12 | Comparison of topically applied with intrasite gel loperamide and morphine in treating pain for 24 h followed by a day washout and crossover in another group for 24 h |
| Stomatitis | |||
| Vayne–Bossert [19] 2010 | Effect of topical morphine (mouthwash) on oral pain due to chemotherapy—and/or radiotherapy–induced mucositis: A randomized double–blinded study | 9 | Comparison of efficacy of 2% morphine solution and placebo (quinine diHCl solution) |
| Hemati [20] 2015 | Morphine mouthwash for the management of oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer | 30 | Comparison of 2% morphine solution with magic mouthwash |
| Saroja [21] 2010 | Oral morphine solution as an oral rinse or mouth gargle for mucositis pain | 10 | Evaluation of efficacy of 3% morphine solution |
| Postmastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) | |||
| Mohamed [22] 2016 | Effect of topical morphine on acute and chronic postmastectomy pain: What is the optimum dose? | 90 | Evaluation of efficacy of solutions: 10 mL 0.5% bupivacaine plus 5 mg/10 mg/15 mg morphine in postoperative pain and the occurrence of chronic PMPS |
| Oral lichen planus | |||
| Zaslansky [23] 2018 | Topical application of morphine for wound healing and analgesia in patients with oral lichen planus: a randomized, double–blind, placebo-controlled study | 43 | Investigation of effect of 0.4% morphine solution on erosions and ulcers in course of lichen planus of oral cavity |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | |||
| Ekström [24] 2015 | Effects of opioids on breathlessness and exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review | 271 | Meta-analysis of all papers published before 8 September 2014, using Cochrane methodology, on use of opioids in alleviating dyspnea and improving exercise capacity in COPD |
| Shohrati [25] 2012 | Effect of nebulized morphine on dyspnea of mustard gas–exposed patients: A double–blind randomized clinical trial study | 40 | Assessment of efficacy of nebulized morphine (once daily for 5 days) in patients with COPD following exposure to mustard gas |
| Janowiak [26] 2017 | Dosimetrically administered nebulized morphine for breathlessness in very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized, controlled trial | 10 | Assessment of reduction in breathlessness in patients with COPD with nebulized morphine |
N: number of patients.