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. 2022 Jul 21;14(7):1511. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071511

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The effects of ciclesonide and tylophorine-based dbq33b alone or in combination on the transcriptional levels of cytokines induced by HCoV-OC43 in MRC-5 cells. (A) Transcriptions of cytokines, MCP-3, IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1, were highly up-regulated in HCoV-OC43 in MRC-5 cells. (B) The effects of ciclesonide and tylophorine-based dbq33b, respectively (Ba), or in combination (Bb) on the up-regulated transcriptions of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and MCP-3 at 6 h.p.i. (C). The effects of ciclesonide and tylophorine-based dbq33b respectively (Ca), or in combination (Cb) on the up-regulated transcriptions of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, and, MCP-3 at 30 h.p.i. The cells, in HCoV-OC43-infected MRC-5 (0.05 MOI) at 6 or 30 h.p.i. treated with vehicle (0.5% DMSO) or compounds as indicated, were subjected to TRIzol reagent for total RNA isolation and then RT-PCR for analysis of gene transcriptional expression of MCP-3, IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1. Results shown are representative of three independent experiments and AVE ± S.D. from three independent experiments. (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 for student’s t-test; ^# p < 0.05, ^## p < 0.01, ^### p < 0.001 for two-way ANOVA test).