Table 6.
Sleep in pathological older age. Summary of all the studies that use polysomnography.
| Authors | Group | N° | Age (SD) | (%F) | MMSE (SD) | Diagnostic Criteria | Measurements | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carnicelli et al. [100] | MCI HS |
19 11 |
69.8 (15.5) 69.2 (12.6) |
47.3 45.5 |
25.3 (1.2) 29.3 (0.6) |
Petersen | PSG | MCI: lower %REM. |
| De Gennaro et al. [46] | HS AD |
20 20 |
70.3 72.0 |
60 65 |
28.75 16.4 |
DSM IV NINCDS–ADRDA |
PSG | AD: higher LREM1, LREM2. AD: lower %SWS. |
| Dykierek et al. [61] | AD HS |
35 42 |
62.1 (8.9) 64.4 (7.5) |
54.4 47.6 |
19.5 (5.2) 29.2 (1.0) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | AD: lower SPT and REM density. |
| Gorgoni et al. [63] | AD aMCI HS |
15 15 15 |
70.8 71.1 70.8 |
66.7 60.0 33.3 |
16.1 26.1 29.1 |
DSM IV NIA–AA Petersen |
PSG | AD: lower %SWS than HS. No difference between MCI vs. HS and AD vs. MCI has been found. |
| Hita-Yañez et al. [104] | HS MCI |
25 25 |
67.1 (5.3) 70.5 (6.8) |
52 28 |
28.1 (1.3) 26.7 (2.4) |
Petersen | PSG | MCI: higher AI SWS. MCI: lower %REM. |
| Hoch et al. [71] | AD HS |
20 23 |
71.6 (4.9) 68.9 (3.8) |
65 65.2 |
17.3 (5.7) 29.2 (0.9) |
DSM III NINCDS–ADRDA |
PSG | AD: higher SL, %NREM, and total recording time. AD: lower SE and %NREM2. |
| Hot et al. [72] | AD HS |
14 14 |
76.7 (3.8) 76.7 (4.1) |
50 57.1 |
24.8 (2.4) 29.4 (1.0) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | AD: lower %SE. |
| Kundermann et al. [73] | AD | 15 | 71.1 (ES: 1.8) |
40 | MMST: 21.7 (ES: 1.1) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | SPT: 402.5 min (ES: 15.2) TST: 292.8 min (ES: 21.6) WASO:136.2 min (ES: 20.1) LREM: 124.1 min (ES: 19.4) SE: 59.5% (ES: 4.6) NREM 1: 8.6% (ES: 1.0) NREM 2: 30.6% (ES: 2.6) SWS: 13.1% (ES: 2.5) REM: 8.0% (ES: 1.2) |
| Liguori et al. [86] | AD HS |
48 29 |
70.5 (7.6) 70.4 (9.9) |
47.9 48.3 |
19.4 (5.3) 28.7 (1.1) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | AD: higher LREM, WASO. and %NREM1. AD: lower %SE, %NREM3, %REM. |
| Liguori et al. [74] | AD HS |
18 18 |
71.6 (3.9) 74.4 (2.8) |
55.6 61.1 |
22.6 (1.3) 28.9 (2.1) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | AD: higher SL, LREM, WASO, and NREM1. AD: lower TST, %SE, NREM3, and REM. |
| Liguori et al. [75] | AD | 20 | 70.75 (8.1) | 55 | 21.9 (5.2) | Biomarkers Diagnostic Criteria | PSG | TST (min): 368.7 (70.6) SE (%): 74.7 (13.7) LREM: 204.8(147.8) WASO: 130.8 (88.9) NREM1: 31.9 (10.2) NREM2: 49.4 (12.2) NREM3: 12.1 (8.2) REM: 6.5 (4.1) |
| Loewenstein et al. [76] | HS AD |
8 9 |
61.9 60.3 |
37.5 33.3 |
- | DSM III | PSG | AD: lower delta waves. |
| Maestri et al. [105] | HS MCI AD |
11 11 11 |
72.7 (5.9) 68.5 (7.0) 69.2 (12.6) |
63.6 63.6 45.5 |
29.3 (1.0) 24.9 (1.2) 21.2 (0.8) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | AD: higher NREM1 and NREM2 than HS. AD: higher NREM1 than MCI. AD: lower TST, NREM3, and REM than HS. MCI: lower REM than HS. |
| Montplaisir et al. [77] | HS AD |
10 10 |
58.3 60.6 |
- - |
29.3 (5.3) 20.6 (1.0) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | AD: higher EEG Slowing Index. AD: lower K-complex, sleep spindles and REM. |
| Naismith et al. [106] | HS MCI |
26 26 |
65.9 (9.8) 70.1 (9.9) |
53.8 34.6 |
29.2 (1.1) 27.5 (2.1) |
Petersen | PSG | MCI: lower LREM and WASO. |
| Prinz et al. [78] | HS AD |
11 10 |
72.2 (10.6) 73.3 (11.4) |
0 - |
- 3.3 (6.5) |
MMSE > 20 | PSG | AD: higher wakefulness. AD: lower NREM3, NREM4, and REM |
| Rauchs et al. [79] | AD HS |
14 14 |
76.9 (4.1) 75.1 (4.6) |
64.3 64.3 |
24.9 (2.0) 29.4 (0.9) |
NINCDS–ADRDA MMSE < 21 |
PSG | AD: lower sleep spindles activity. |
| Reynolds III et al. [80] | HS AD |
24 22 |
69.5 (4.5) 70.9 (8.1) |
66.7 68.1 |
- 16.5 (5.0) |
DSM III | PSG | AD: lower TSA. |
| Sanchez-Espinosa et al. [96] | HS aMCI |
21 21 |
67 (5.5) 69.8 (6.5) |
47.6 28.6 |
28.3 (1.3) 26.7 (2.5) |
Petersen | PSG | aMCI: higher AI SWS. aMCI: lower %REM. |
| Tsuno et al. [81] | AD | 12 | 75.6 (10.7) | 83.3 | 14.4 (5.7) | NINCDS–ADRDA | PSG | SL (min): 14.6 (5.9) |
| Westerberg et al. [103] | HS aMCI |
16 8 |
72.7 (5.1) 75.6 (7.2) |
- - |
28.4 (0.4) 27.3 (0.6) |
Petersen | PSG | aMCI: lower SWS. |
| Liguori et al. [84] | MCI mAD msAD HS |
59 56 48 41 |
67.4 (8.4) 69.9 (7.3) 71.7 (7.2) 67.2 (8.6) |
52.6 62.5 60.4 52 |
28.9 (1.5) 24.5 (1.9) 15.4 (3.2) 29.2 (0.9) |
NIA–AA Albert |
PSG | msAD: lower TST, %SE NREM3%, REM% than mAD, MCI, and HS. msAD: higher NREM1% than MCI and HS. msAD: higher TIB than HS, MCI, and mAD. mAD: higher TST, NREM3%, REM% than msAD but lower than MCI and HS. mAD: higher TIB than msAD. mAD: higher WASO, LREM and NREM1% than HS. mAD: higher SE% than msAD but lower than HS. MCI: higher TST, NREM3% than mAD and msAD. MCI: higher SE% than msAD but lower than HS. MCI: higher REM% than msAD and mAD but lower than HS. MCI: higher LREM and WASO than HS. MCI: higher NREM1% than HS but lower than mAD and msAD. MCI: lower TIB than msAD. HS: higher TST and NREM3% than mAD and msAD. HS: higher SE%, REM% and lower WASO, NREM%1 than MCI, mAD and msAD. HS: lower LREM than MCI and mAD. |
| Liu et al. [110] | HS sMCI pMCI |
22 25 20 |
70.6 (6.0) 71.6 (5.2) 70.8 (4.3) |
63.6 52 45 |
28.4 (1.7) 26.7 (2.0) 26.9 (1.6) |
Petersen | PSG | HS: higher TST and SE% than sMCI and pMCI. HS: lower LREM than sMCI and pMCI. |
SD = standard deviation; F = female; ES = standard error; HS = healthy subject; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; aMCI = amnestic mild cognitive impairment; naMCI = non-amnestic mild cognitive impairment; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; NIA–AA = National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer’s Association; NINCDS–ADRDA = National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke–Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; PSG = polysomnography; EEG = electroencephalogram; TST = total sleep time; TSA = time spent asleep; TIB = time in bed; TBT = total bed time; SPT = sleep period time; SOL = sleep onset latency; SL = sleep latency; SD = sleep duration; SE = sleep efficiency; LNREM = nonREM latency; NREM = nonREM; LREM = REM latency; REM = rapid eye movement; LSWS = slow-wave sleep latency; SWS = sleep wave sleep; WASO = wake after sleep onset; W = wakefulness; AI = arousal index; mAD = mild Alzheimer’s disease; msAD = mild severe Alzheimer’s disease; sMCI = stable mild cognitive impairment, pMCI = progressive mild cognitive impairment.