Table 9.
Diurnal sleepiness in pathological older age. Summary of all the studies.
| Authors | Group | N° | Age (SD) | (%F) | MMSE (SD) | Diagnostic Criteria | Measurements | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hita-Yañez et al. [88] | HS MCI |
25 25 |
67.1 (5.3) 70.5 (6.8) |
52 28 |
28.1 (1.3) 26.7 (2.4) |
DSM 5 Petersen CDR ≤ 0.5 |
ESS | No difference between HS and MCI has been found. |
| Naismith et al. [106] | HS MCI |
26 26 |
65.9 (9.8) 70.1 (9.9) |
53.8 34.6 |
29.2 (1.1) 27.5 (2.1) |
Petersen | ESS | MCI: higher diurnal sleepiness. |
| Sanchez-Espinosa et al. [96] | HS aMCI |
21 21 |
67 (5.5) 69.8 (6.5) |
47.6 28.6 |
28.3 (1.3) 26.7 (2.5) |
Petersen | ESS | No difference between HS and aMCI has been found. |
| Sun et al. [97] | aMCI HS |
50 38 |
68.8 (5.9) 68.7 (5.5) |
66.0 63.1 |
26.6 (1.3) 28.5 (1.1) |
Petersen | ESS | aMCI: higher diurnal sleepiness. |
| Tadokoro et al. [68] | HS MCI AD |
22 20 21 |
74.0 (7.8) 77.6 (6.5) 75.5 (6.2) |
59.1 50.0 61.9 |
29.0 (1.1) 26.9 (2.3) 20.7 (6.6) |
DSM 5 | ESS | No difference has been found. |
| Westerberg et al. [102] | aMCI HS |
10 10 |
71.1 72.5 |
80 70 |
27.8 29.3 |
Petersen | ESS | No difference between HS and aMCI has been found. |
| Westerberg et al. [103] | HS aMCI |
16 8 |
72.7 (5.1) 75.6 (7.2) |
- - |
28.4 (0.4) 27.3 (0.6) |
Petersen | ESS | No difference between HS and aMCI has been found. |
| Zhou et al. [70] | AD HS |
84 92 |
66.5 (7.0) 69.0 (8.2) |
66.7 56.5 |
18.1 (3.2) 28.7 (1.8) |
NINCDS–ADRDA | ESS | AD: higher diurnal sleepiness. |
SD = standard deviation; F = female; HS = healthy subject; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; aMCI = amnestic mild cognitive impairment; AD = Alzheimer’s disease; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; CDR = Clinical Dementia Rating Scale; DSM = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; NINCDS–ADRDA = National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke–Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association; ESS = Epworth Sleepiness Scale.