TABLE 3.
Direct healthcare costs of IBS (in UK pounds), as defined by Rome IV criteria, according to demographics, symptom characteristics, psychological comorbidity and quality of life
| Annual mean cost per person, SD (£UK) | p valuea | |
|---|---|---|
| Sex | ||
| Male (n = 97) | 517.79 (879.01) | 0.69 |
| Female (n = 655) | 562.40 (1044.14) | |
| Smoker | ||
| Yes (n = 82) | 845.13 (1330.12) | 0.007 |
| No (n = 670) | 521.34 (975.33) | |
| Alcohol use | ||
| Yes (n = 439) | 420.36 (797.18) | <0.001 |
| No (n = 313) | 747.79 (1252.46) | |
| Married | ||
| Yes (n = 487) | 477.45 (859.26) | 0.004 |
| No (n = 265) | 702.19 (1261.11) | |
| University or postgraduate level of education | ||
| Yes (n = 314) | 489.17 (973.18) | 0.13 |
| No (n = 438) | 605.02 (1057.25) | |
| Annual income of £30,000 or more | ||
| Yes (n = 197) | 404.14 (823.55) | 0.014 |
| No (n = 483) | 609.49 (1046.89) | |
| IBS subtype | ||
| IBS‐C (n = 136) | 558.86 (1159.35) | 0.75 |
| IBS‐D (n = 306) | 522.75 (941.01) | |
| IBS‐M (n = 301) | 586.22 (1043.37) | |
| IBS after acute enteric infection | ||
| Yes (n = 91) | 665.27 (942.49) | 0.33 |
| No (n = 465) | 547.87 (1065.70) | |
| Most troublesome symptom | ||
| Abdominal pain (n = 169) | 686.02 (1191.23) | 0.31 |
| Constipation (n = 53) | 518.47 (810.23) | |
| Diarrhoea (n = 117) | 566.34 (1055.48) | |
| Bloating/distension (n = 218) | 457.65 (885.32) | |
| Urgency (n = 195) | 559.74 (1041.55) | |
| Opiate use | ||
| Yes (n = 148) | 907.90 (1391.88) | <0.001 |
| No (n = 604) | 470.58 (892.05) | |
| Duration of IBS diagnosis, year(s) | ||
| 1 (n = 25) | 1227.14 (1954.19) | 0.002 |
| 2 (n = 41) | 919.39 (1508.42) | |
| 3 (n = 54) | 449.03 (740.93) | |
| 4 (n = 33) | 701.18 (1420.32) | |
| 5 (n = 38) | 564.24 (854.99) | |
| >5 (n = 561) | 501.60 (910.60) | |
| Severity on IBS‐SSS | ||
| Remission (n = 7) | 19.38 (21.88) | <0.001 |
| Mild (n = 86) | 277.96 (639.10) | |
| Moderate (n = 300) | 448.76 (859.30) | |
| Severe (n = 359) | 724.03 (1193.10) | |
| HADS anxiety categories | ||
| Normal (n = 200) | 438.63 (1072.39) | 0.08 |
| Borderline abnormal (n = 174) | 521.50 (839.28) | |
| Abnormal (n = 378) | 635.26 (1069.61) | |
| HADS depression categories | ||
| Normal (n = 404) | 355.10 (836.24) | <0.001 |
| Borderline abnormal (n = 165) | 609.77 (877.43) | |
| Abnormal (n = 183) | 953.69 (1353.78) | |
| PHQ‐12 severity | ||
| Low (n = 36) | 325.52 (671.59) | <0.001 |
| Mild (n = 176) | 365.91 (785.65) | |
| Moderate (n = 307) | 508.80 (898.70) | |
| Severe (n = 233) | 799.47 (1302.59) | |
| VSI scores | ||
| Low (n = 247) | 434.89 (983.63) | <0.001 |
| Medium (n = 247) | 459.86 (924.15) | |
| High (n = 258) | 765.86 (1119.30) | |
| IBS‐QOL scores | ||
| Low (n = 239) | 858.61 (1210.79) | <0.001 |
| Medium (n = 252) | 585.97 (1152.04) | |
| High (n = 261) | 251.82 (476.60) | |
a
p value for independent samples t‐test or one‐way ANOVA.