FIGURE 1.

ncRNAs regulate glucose metabolism in HCC. Regulation of glucose metabolism by ncRNAs in HCC cells (Tables S2 and S3). ncRNAs enhance aerobic glycolysis in HCC cells by regulating key enzymes and/or signaling pathways such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR, HIF and MYC. The major metabolites are shown in green, the main metabolic enzymes are shown in red and the main metabolic pathways are indicated in yellow. 1,3‐BPG, 1,3‐bisphosphoglyceric acid; ALDOA, aldolase; DHAP, dihydroxyacetone phosphate; F‐1,6‐P, fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphate; F‐6‐P, fructose‐6‐phosphate; G‐3‐P, glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate; G‐6‐P, glucose‐6‐phosphate; G6PD, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase; GLUT, glucose transporter; HK2, hexokinase 2; IGF‐1R, insulin‐like growth factor receptor‐1; LDHA, lactate dehydrogenase A; PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase; PDK1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; PFK, phosphofructokinase; PKM1/M2, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2; PPP, pentose phosphate pathway [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]