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. 2022 Jul 7;159(1):65–79. doi: 10.1007/s11060-022-04044-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Change of cognitive functioning within a two-year follow-up. Graphs indicate mean cognitive performance (in percentile ranks) in NeuroCog FX subtests at baseline after surgery and at two-year follow-up, separated for dichotomized treatment groups. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant difference in cognitive change between groups; * p < 0.05; bars indicate standard error of mean. a Irradiated patients (RT+, radiotherapy only or combined radio-chemotherapy, n = 34) and non-irradiated patients (RT-, chemotherapy only or watch-and-wait, n = 52). b Patients with chemotherapy (ChT+, chemotherapy only or combined radio-chemotherapy, n = 45) and without chemotherapy (ChT-, radiotherapy only or watch-and-wait, n = 41)