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. 2022 May 24;52(8):1939–1960. doi: 10.1007/s40279-022-01675-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Effect of the different training characteristics on the combined changes in muscle strength (∆% standardized mean difference) and bone mineral density [BMD] (∆% mean difference) with 95% confidence intervals when entered into the multi-variate model one at a time. *Significant main effect (p < 0.05). RES resistance training only, RES + WB combined resistance training plus weight-bearing/impact-loading exercises. The confidence interval for program length and load effect on muscle strength is hidden behind the main effect symbol