Table 3.
Output statistics from the univariate sub-group meta-regression for the effect of the different training characteristics on changes in muscle strength, femur/hip BMD, and lumbar spine BMD
| Outcome | Training characteristic | Studies (#) | Coefficient (95% CI) | I2 (%) | R2 (%) | Z score | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle strength | Mode (RES vs RES + WB) | 12 | − 0.786 (− 1.236, − 0.335) | 50.6 | 70.1 | − 3.42 | 0.001 |
| Training frequency (3 vs 2) | 12 | 0.513 (− 0.119, 1.145) | 72.9 | 13.5 | 1.59 | 0.111 | |
| Duration | 12 | − 0.0004 (− 0.03, 0.03) | 79.1 | 0 | − 0.03 | 0.978 | |
| Load | 10 | − 0.043 (− 0.097, 0.012) | 76.3 | 12.4 | − 1.54 | 0.124 | |
| Volume | |||||||
| Sets | 12 | 0.347 (− 0.132, 0.827) | 76.0 | 7.4 | 1.42 | 0.156 | |
| Reps | 12 | − 0.043 (− 0.315, 0.229) | 80.0 | 0 | − 0.31 | 0.757 | |
| Femur/hip BMD | Mode (RES vs RES + WB) | 12 | 2.052 (− 2.846, 6.951) | 98.2 | 0 | 0.82 | 0.411 |
| Training frequency (3 vs 2) | 12 | 1.158 (− 4.776, 7.093) | 98.5 | 0 | 0.38 | 0.702 | |
| Duration | 12 | − 0.059 (− 0.264, 0.146) | 97.6 | 0 | − 0.57 | 0.570 | |
| Load | 11 | 0.171 (− 0.230, 0.572) | 98.8 | 0 | 0.83 | 0.404 | |
| Volume | |||||||
| Sets | 12 | − 2.065 (− 5.404, 1.273) | 97.8 | 0 | − 1.21 | 0.225 | |
| Reps | 12 | − 0.793 (− 2.637, 1.051) | 98 | 0 | − 0.84 | 0.399 | |
| Lumbar spine BMD | Mode (RES vs RES + WB) | 10 | 3.578 (− 2.564, 9.721) | 98.7 | 0 | 1.14 | 0.254 |
| Training frequency (3 vs 2) | 12 | 4.149 (− 1.755, 10.054) | 97.2 | 10.6 | 1.38 | 0.168 | |
| Duration | 10 | − 0.127 (− 0.272, 0.018) | 96.3 | 27.0 | − 1.72 | 0.086 | |
| Load | 9 | 0.025 (− 0.564, 0.615) | 97.9 | 0 | 0.08 | 0.934 | |
| Volume | |||||||
| Sets | 10 | − 3.44 (− 7.104, 0.222) | 98.2 | 25.6 | − 1.84 | 0.066 | |
| Reps | 10 | − 0.759 (− 3.269, 1.751) | 97.9 | 0 | − 0.59 | 0.553 |
Significant values are in bold. RES resistance training only, RES + WB resistance plus weight-bearing/impact-loading exercises