Table 3.

The associations between depression and cognitive function by sexes: Coefficients and 95% CIs for 2-year cognitive decline and Odds Ratios and 95% CIs for 2-year MCI incidence.

	2-year cognitive decline ( j ) a			2-year MCI incidence b
	β	95% CI	p-Value	OR	95% CI	p-Value
Male
Baseline
PHQ-9 score	0.037	−0.067, 0.142	0.483	1.022	0.963, 1.084	0.475
Depression status
No (ref)
Yes	0.008	−0.898, 0.915	0.986	1.259	0.743, 2.132	0.392
Follow up
PHQ-9 score increase (i)	0.227	0.128, 0.326	<0.001*	1.103	1.041, 1.168	0.001*
Worsening
None (ref)
Yes	1.016	0.135, 1.897	0.024*	1.610	0.973, 2.666	0.064
Female
Baseline
PHQ-9 score	−0.060	−0.147, 0.028	0.181	1.009	0.956,1.065	0.736
Depression status
No (ref)
Yes	−0.657	−1.499, 0.185	0.126	1.043	0.643, 1.693	0.865
Follow up
PHQ-9 score increase (i)	0.103	0.015, 0.190	0.022*	1.039	0.990, 1.093	0.136
Worsening
None (ref)
Yes	0.290	−0.574, 1.154	0.510	1.615	0.986, 2.647	0.057

^*p < 0.05.

The model adjusted city (Chuzhou, Lu'an and Xuancheng), age ( ≤ 70 and >70), sex (male and female), education (0, 1–6 years and more than 6 years), marital status (married and others), annual income (Lower than 6,500 RMR and 6,500 RMR or higher), BMI (continuous), drinking status (never, former and current), current smoker (Yes and No), Physical activity (daily sitting time), self-rated sleeping quality (very good, good and not good), diabetes (yes and no), hypertension (yes and no), living alone (yes and no), PHQ-9 score at baseline.

^aMultivariable linear regression analysis included 1,477 participants.

^bMultivariable logistic regression analysis included 983 participants.

j = M – E (M = MMSE score at baseline; E = MMSE score at follow-up).

i = P – Q (P = PHQ-9 score at follow up; Q = PHQ-9 score at baseline).