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. 2022 Jul 13;13:905171. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.905171

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Schematic view of gut microbiota, microbial metabolites, and T2DM-associated metabolic disorders. SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; TMA, trimethylamine; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; BAs, bile acids; GPCR43, G-protein-coupled receptor 43; GPCR41, G-protein-coupled receptor 41; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; TLR2, toll-like receptor 4; CD14, cluster of differentiation 14; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; TGR5, Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5; PXR, pregnane X receptor; GLP-1, glucagon-likepeptide-1; PYY, peptide tyrosine-tyrosine; HDAC, histone deacetylases; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappaB; IRS-1, insulin receptor substrate-1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PERK, protein kinase-like ER kinase; FoxO1, forkhead box-O1; FGF19, fibroblast growth factor 19; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TJ proteins, tight-junction proteins; IR, insulin resistance.