Table 1.
Clinical research exploring the effects of oral anti-diabetic drugs on gut microbiota in T2DM.
| Anti-diabetic drugs | Subjects | Key results |
|---|---|---|
| Metformin (77) | 784 subjects from Denmark, Switzerland and China |
Escherichia spp.↑ Lactobacillus spp. ↓ Functional enrichment: SCFAs producing↑, virulence factors and gas metabolism genes↑ intestinal lipid absorption↓ LPS triggered local inflammation↓ |
| Metformin (78) | 450 subjects | Simpson’s diversity index↑ Blautia spp. and Faecalibacterium spp.↑ Alistipes spp., Oscillibacter spp., and Bacteroides spp.↓ |
| Metformin (79) | 40 treatment-naive T2DM | Firmicutes, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium adolescentis, Akkermansia muciniphila↑ SCFA-producing genus↑ Fecal SCFAs and plasma bile acid concentrations↑ |
| Metformin (45) | 121 subjects |
Escherichia coli and Ruminococcus torques↑; Intestinibacter bartlettii↓ Fecal SCFAs increased at 6 mouths |
| Metformin (81) | 23 T2DM patients | Enterobacteriaceae↑ |
| Metformin (76) | 22 newly diagnosed T2DM |
Bacteroides fragilis↓ bile acid glycoursodeoxycholic acid↑ |
| Metformin (82) | 60 adults with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 |
Bacteroides caccae, Lachnospiraceae bacterium↑Bacteroides uniformis↓ butyrate↑zonulin↓microbial butyrate-producing pathways↑ |
| Metformin (83) | 14 males with T2DM | Firmicutes↓ GLP-1, lithocholic and deoxycholic acids↑ primary bile acid↓ |
| Metformin (84) | 112 subjects |
Akkermansia muciniphila, Prevotella, Butyrivibrio, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Megasphaera↑ Clostridiaceae 02d06↓ |
| Metformin (85) | 130 T2DM subjects |
Spirochaete, Turicibacter, and Fusobacterium↑ Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism↑ |
| Metformin (86) | 30 T2DM subjects | Bifidobacterium |
| Dapagliflozin (87) | 24 subjects | No significant effect on microbial composition |
| Empagliflozin (88) | 67 T2DM with risk factors for CVD | SCHA-producing bacteria↑ Several harmful bacteria including Escherichia-Shigella, Bilophila, and Hungatella↓ |
| Sitagliptin (89) | 51 subjects | No significant effect on microbial composition |
| Sitagliptin (90) | 57 T2DM subjects | Fecal chenodeoxycholic acid, cholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid ↑ |
| Vildagliptin (91) | 30 T2DM subjects | Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Blautia, Faecalibacterium and Roseburia levels altered |
| Saxagliptin (91) | 30 T2DM subjects | Megamonas spp.↑; Turicibacter spp. ↓ |
| Acarbose (62) | 51 treatment-naive subjects |
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium↑Bacteroides↓ Altered plasm BAs pool composition |
| Acarbose (92) | 18 subjects | Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium, and Lactobacillus↑Bacteroides↓ |
| Acarbose (93) | 95 subjects |
Bifidobacterium longum and Enterococcus faecalis↑ Plasm LPS↓ |
| Acarbose (91) | 30 T2DM subjects | Butyricimonas level increased first and then decreased during treatment |
| Acarbose (94) | 52 prediabetes patients |
Lactobacillus spp. and Dialister spp.↑ Butyricicoccus spp., Phascolarctobacterium spp. and Ruminococcus spp.↓ |
| Glipizide (62) | 43 treatment-naive subjects | No effect on intestinal microbiota composition |
| Gliclazide (87) | 17 subjects | No significant effect on microbial composition |
SCFAs, short-chain fatty acids; CVD, cardiovascular disease; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; GLP-1, glucagon-likepeptide-1.